{
 "name": "Endoskeletal research curriculum",
 "families": [
  {
   "number": 1,
   "id": "org-architecture",
   "title": "Organizational architecture",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "Capabilities, value streams, organization units and the governance that keeps them aligned.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework)",
     "summary": "A vendor-neutral enterprise architecture methodology whose Architecture Development Method is a phased cycle for developing and governing business, data, application and technology architecture.",
     "originators": [
      "The Open Group"
     ],
     "steward": "The Open Group",
     "era": "1995–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "TOGAF Standard homepage",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://www.opengroup.org/togaf",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "The TOGAF Standard, 10th Edition (publications hub)",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://pubs.opengroup.org/togaf-standard/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Understanding the TOGAF Standard",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://help.opengroup.org/hc/en-us/articles/32726995273362-Understanding-the-TOGAF-Standard",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "BIZBOK (Business Architecture Body of Knowledge)",
     "summary": "An IT-independent business architecture guide built on interlocking capability, value stream, organization, information and strategy maps and the matrices that cross-reference them.",
     "originators": [
      "Business Architecture Guild"
     ],
     "steward": "Business Architecture Guild",
     "era": "c. 2011–2012–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "year": null,
       "title": "A Guide to the Business Architecture Body of Knowledge (BIZBOK Guide)",
       "venue": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Business Architecture Guild official site",
       "venue": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "url": "https://www.businessarchitectureguild.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Free Resources (excerpts, intro materials)",
       "venue": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "url": "https://learning.businessarchitectureguild.org/free-resources",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "year": null,
       "title": "BIZBOK v10 Introduction chapter",
       "venue": "Business Architecture Guild",
       "url": "https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.businessarchitectureguild.org/resource/resmgr/bizbok_10/introduction_v10_final.pdf",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "APQC Process Classification Framework (PCF)",
     "summary": "A numerically coded, five-level taxonomy of cross-functional business processes with a cross-industry version and sector-specific editions.",
     "originators": [
      "APQC (American Productivity & Quality Center)"
     ],
     "steward": "APQC",
     "era": "1992–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Industry-Specific Process Classification Frameworks",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks/industry-specific-process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "APQC's Process Classification Framework (PCF) Cross-Industry resource listing",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/resource-library/resource-collection/apqcs-process-classification-framework-pcf-cross-industry-and",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Understanding the Elements of APQC's Process Classification Framework",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/sites/default/files/files/PCF%20Collateral/Understanding%20the%20PCF%20Elements%20%20-%20FINAL.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Introduction to APQC's Process Classification Framework",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/sites/default/files/files/PCF%20Collateral/Intro%20to%20PCF%20-%20FINAL.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "SCOR Model (Supply Chain Operations Reference Model)",
     "summary": "A cross-industry reference model that describes, measures and benchmarks supply-chain processes using a process hierarchy, performance attributes and metrics.",
     "originators": [
      "PRTM",
      "AMR Research",
      "Supply Chain Council"
     ],
     "steward": "Association for Supply Chain Management (ASCM)",
     "era": "1996–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "ASCM",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SCOR Digital Standard: Introduction and Front Matter",
       "venue": "ASCM",
       "url": "https://www.ascm.org/globalassets/ascm_website_assets/docs/intro-and-front-matter-scor-digital-standard.pdf",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "ASCM",
       "year": "2025",
       "title": "SCOR Digital Standard Version 14.0: Introduction and Front Matter",
       "venue": "ASCM",
       "url": "https://www.ascm.org/globalassets/ascm_website_assets/docs/scor/intro-and-front-matter-scor-digital-standard-2025.pdf",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "ASCM",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SCOR Digital Standard Quick Reference Guide",
       "venue": "ASCM",
       "url": "https://www.ascm.org/globalassets/documents--files/corporate-transformation/scor-ds-digital-guide_final.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APICS/ASCM",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SCOR Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (framework hub)",
       "venue": "APICS/ASCM",
       "url": "https://www.apics.org/apics-for-business/frameworks/scor/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APICS",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SCOR v12.0 Framework Introduction",
       "venue": "APICS",
       "url": "http://www.apics.org/docs/default-source/scor-training/scor-v12-0-framework-introduction.pdf",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "BIAN (Banking Industry Architecture Network)",
     "summary": "A banking-specific semantic reference architecture that decomposes banking capability into business areas, business domains and service domains down to API-level operations.",
     "originators": [
      "BIAN (Banking Industry Architecture Network)"
     ],
     "steward": "BIAN",
     "era": "2008–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "BIAN",
       "year": null,
       "title": "BIAN official site",
       "venue": "BIAN",
       "url": "https://bian.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "BIAN",
       "year": null,
       "title": "BIAN Service Landscape (deliverable page)",
       "venue": "BIAN",
       "url": "https://bian.org/deliverables/service-landscape/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "BIAN",
       "year": "2026",
       "title": "BIAN Unveils New Service Landscape 14.0 to Accelerate AI-Ready Banking Architecture",
       "venue": "BIAN",
       "url": "https://bian.org/news-room/bian-unveils-new-service-landscape-14-0-to-accelerate-ai-ready-banking-architecture/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "BIAN",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "BIAN Service Landscape V9.0 Value Chain View",
       "venue": "BIAN",
       "url": "https://bian.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/BIAN-Service-Landscape-V9_0-Value-Chain-View.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "BIAN Service Landscape v7.0 (ArchiMate exchange model documentation)",
       "venue": "The Open Group Digital Portfolio",
       "url": "https://digital-portfolio.opengroup.org/archimate-bian/latest/01-doc/chap03.html",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Zachman Framework (Enterprise Ontology)",
     "summary": "A six-by-six classification ontology that organizes enterprise description artifacts by six interrogatives and six stakeholder perspectives; it is a taxonomy, not a method.",
     "originators": [
      "John A. Zachman"
     ],
     "steward": "Zachman International",
     "era": "1987–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Zachman, J. A.",
       "year": "1987",
       "title": "A Framework for Information Systems Architecture",
       "venue": "IBM Systems Journal",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Zachman International / FEAC Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "About the Zachman Framework",
       "venue": "Zachman International / FEAC Institute",
       "url": "https://zachman-feac.com/zachman/about-the-zachman-framework",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Zachman, J. A.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The Concise Definition of The Zachman Framework",
       "venue": "Zachman.com",
       "url": "https://www.zachman.com/about-the-zachman-framework",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Zachman International / FEAC Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The Zachman Framework Evolution",
       "venue": "Zachman International / FEAC Institute",
       "url": "https://zachman-feac.com/the-zachman-framework-evolution",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "ArchiMate",
     "summary": "A formal open modeling language for enterprise architecture with layered element types, aspects, typed relationships, viewpoints and an XML exchange format.",
     "originators": [
      "Telematica Instituut consortium",
      "The Open Group"
     ],
     "steward": "The Open Group",
     "era": "first published 2002–2004",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "ArchiMate Forum / standard homepage",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://www.opengroup.org/archimate-forum",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "ArchiMate 3.2 Specification (online)",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/archimate3-doc/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "ArchiMate 3.2 Non-Commercial License",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://www.opengroup.org/archimate-32-non-commercial-license",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "ArchiMate 3.2 Reference Cards",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://www.opengroup.org/sites/default/files/docs/downloads/n221p.pdf",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Open Group",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "ArchiMate 3.2 Specification: Strategy Layer chapter",
       "venue": "The Open Group",
       "url": "https://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/archimate3-doc/ch-Strategy-Layer.html",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Galbraith Star Model",
     "summary": "An organization-design model of five interdependent policy areas (Strategy, Structure, Processes, Rewards, People) that must be aligned with one another.",
     "originators": [
      "Jay R. Galbraith"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1970s–1990s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Galbraith, J. R.",
       "year": "1973",
       "title": "Designing Complex Organizations",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Galbraith, J. R.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Designing Organizations",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Operating Model Canvas (OMC)",
     "summary": "A six-block canvas (POLISM: Processes, Organization, Locations, Information, Suppliers, Management System) for designing an organization's operating model.",
     "originators": [
      "Andrew Campbell",
      "Mikel Gutierrez",
      "Mark Lancelott"
     ],
     "steward": "Andrew Campbell and co-authors, with the Van Haren/Ashridge community",
     "era": "2017",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Campbell, A., Gutierrez, M., & Lancelott, M.",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "Operating Model Canvas",
       "venue": "Van Haren Publishing",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Campbell, A. et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Operating Model Canvas official site",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://operatingmodelcanvas.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Campbell, A.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Ashridge on Operating Models: Operating Model Canvas book page",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://ashridgeonoperatingmodels.com/book-operating-model-canvas/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Van Haren Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Operating Model Canvas in 3 minutes",
       "venue": "Van Haren Group",
       "url": "https://www.vanharen.net/standards/operating-model-canvas/operating-model-canvas-in-3-minutes/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "McKinsey 7-S Framework",
     "summary": "A diagnostic model of seven interdependent elements (three hard, four soft) centered on shared values, used to check organizational alignment.",
     "originators": [
      "Tom Peters",
      "Robert Waterman",
      "Richard Pascale",
      "Anthony Athos"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "late 1970s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Peters, T. J., & Waterman, R. H.",
       "year": "1982",
       "title": "In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-Run Companies",
       "venue": "Harper & Row",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Viable System Model (VSM)",
     "summary": "A cybernetics-based model holding that any viable organization contains five recursive subsystems (operations, coordination, control, intelligence, policy) at every level of scale.",
     "originators": [
      "Stafford Beer"
     ],
     "steward": "Metaphorum",
     "era": "1960s–1970s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Beer, S.",
       "year": "1972",
       "title": "Brain of the Firm",
       "venue": "Allen Lane (2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1981)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beer, S.",
       "year": "1979",
       "title": "The Heart of Enterprise",
       "venue": "John Wiley & Sons",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beer, S.",
       "year": "1985",
       "title": "Diagnosing the System for Organizations",
       "venue": "John Wiley & Sons",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beer, S.",
       "year": "1959",
       "title": "Cybernetics and Management",
       "venue": "English Universities Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ashby, W. R.",
       "year": "1956",
       "title": "An Introduction to Cybernetics",
       "venue": "Chapman & Hall",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ashby, W. R.",
       "year": "1958",
       "title": "Requisite Variety and Its Implications for the Control of Complex Systems",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Metaphorum",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Viable System Model overview",
       "venue": "Metaphorum",
       "url": "https://metaphorum.org/staffords-work/viable-system-model",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 2,
   "id": "sdlc-agile",
   "title": "Software delivery and agile at scale",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "Team topology, delivery flow, roles and ceremonies, and delivery and productivity metrics.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Team Topologies",
     "summary": "An organization-design model for technology teams built on four team types, three interaction modes and cognitive-load limits.",
     "originators": [
      "Matthew Skelton",
      "Manuel Pais"
     ],
     "steward": "Team Topologies (teamtopologies.com)",
     "era": "2019–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Skelton, M., & Pais, M.",
       "year": "2019",
       "title": "Team Topologies: Organizing Business and Technology Teams for Fast Flow",
       "venue": "IT Revolution Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Team Topologies",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Team Topologies official site",
       "venue": "teamtopologies.com",
       "url": "https://teamtopologies.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Team Topologies",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Key concepts and practices",
       "venue": "teamtopologies.com",
       "url": "https://teamtopologies.com/key-concepts",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Accelerate / DORA",
     "summary": "An empirical research program that links delivery capabilities to software delivery and organizational performance via the four key metrics and a capabilities model.",
     "originators": [
      "Nicole Forsgren",
      "Jez Humble",
      "Gene Kim"
     ],
     "steward": "Google Cloud DORA",
     "era": "2014–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Forsgren, N., Humble, J., & Kim, G.",
       "year": "2018",
       "title": "Accelerate: The Science of Lean Software and DevOps: Building and Scaling High Performing Technology Organizations",
       "venue": "IT Revolution Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "DORA",
       "year": null,
       "title": "DORA official research site",
       "venue": "Google Cloud DORA",
       "url": "https://dora.dev/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "DORA",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "DORA Report 2024 (Accelerate State of DevOps Report)",
       "venue": "DORA / Google Cloud",
       "url": "https://dora.dev/research/2024/dora-report/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "DORA",
       "year": "2025",
       "title": "State of AI-assisted Software Development 2025",
       "venue": "DORA / Google Cloud",
       "url": "https://dora.dev/dora-report-2025/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "DORA",
       "year": null,
       "title": "DORA Capabilities catalog",
       "venue": "DORA / Google Cloud",
       "url": "https://dora.dev/capabilities/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "SAFe (Scaled Agile Framework)",
     "summary": "A proprietary, widely adopted framework for scaling Lean and Agile practices across teams, trains, large solutions and portfolios.",
     "originators": [
      "Dean Leffingwell",
      "Scaled Agile, Inc."
     ],
     "steward": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
     "era": "2011–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Scaled Agile Framework (the Big Picture)",
       "venue": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "url": "https://framework.scaledagile.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SAFe 6.0 Configurations",
       "venue": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "url": "https://framework.scaledagile.com/safe-6-0-configurations",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "What's new in SAFe 6.0?",
       "venue": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "url": "https://framework.scaledagile.com/whats-new-in-safe-6-0/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SAFe Posters",
       "venue": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "url": "https://framework.scaledagile.com/posters",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SAFe 6.0 Big Picture poster (A0)",
       "venue": "Scaled Agile, Inc.",
       "url": "https://framework.scaledagile.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/SAFe_6.0_Big_Picture_A0-DE.pdf",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "LeSS (Large-Scale Scrum)",
     "summary": "A minimalist framework for applying Scrum to many teams on one product, using feature teams, a single Product Owner and Requirement Areas at very large scale.",
     "originators": [
      "Craig Larman",
      "Bas Vodde"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2010–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Larman, C., & Vodde, B.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "Practices for Scaling Lean & Agile Development",
       "venue": "Addison-Wesley",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Larman, C., & Vodde, B.",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Large-Scale Scrum: More with LeSS",
       "venue": "Addison-Wesley",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Larman, C., & Vodde, B.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "LeSS official site",
       "venue": "less.works",
       "url": "https://less.works/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Larman, C., & Vodde, B.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "LeSS Framework Introduction",
       "venue": "less.works",
       "url": "https://less.works/less/framework/introduction",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Disciplined Agile (DA)",
     "summary": "A goal-driven toolkit of toolkits that helps teams choose their way of working from process goals, six lifecycles and layered DevOps and enterprise guidance.",
     "originators": [
      "Scott Ambler",
      "Mark Lines"
     ],
     "steward": "Project Management Institute (PMI)",
     "era": "2012–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Project Management Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Disciplined Agile hub",
       "venue": "PMI",
       "url": "https://www.pmi.org/disciplined-agile",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Project Management Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "DA Browser and Knowledge Base",
       "venue": "PMI",
       "url": "https://www.pmi.org/disciplined-agile/da-browser",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Project Management Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Introduction to Disciplined Agile",
       "venue": "PMI",
       "url": "https://www.pmi.org/disciplined-agile/introduction-to-disciplined-agile",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Project Management Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Layers of the Disciplined Agile Tool Kit",
       "venue": "PMI",
       "url": "https://www.pmi.org/disciplined-agile/ip-architecture/layers-of-the-disciplined-agile-tool-kit",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Project Management Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Goals overview",
       "venue": "PMI",
       "url": "https://www.pmi.org/disciplined-agile/process/introduction-to-dad/process-goals",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Kanban Method",
     "summary": "An evolutionary change method for managing knowledge work through visualized flow, WIP limits, explicit policies and cadences.",
     "originators": [
      "David J. Anderson"
     ],
     "steward": "Kanban University",
     "era": "2010–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Anderson, D. J.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "Kanban: Successful Evolutionary Change for Your Technology Business",
       "venue": "Blue Hole Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kanban University",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Kanban University official site",
       "venue": "Kanban University",
       "url": "https://kanban.university/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kanban University",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The Official Guide to The Kanban Method",
       "venue": "Kanban University",
       "url": "https://kanban.university/kanban-guide/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kanban University",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The Official Kanban Guide (A4 PDF)",
       "venue": "Kanban University",
       "url": "https://resources.kanban.university/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/The-Official-Kanban-Guide_A4.pdf",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Anderson, D. J.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Revisiting the Principles and General Practices of the Kanban Method",
       "venue": "David J. Anderson School of Management",
       "url": "https://djaa.com/revisiting-the-principles-and-general-practices-of-the-kanban-method/",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Flow Framework / Project to Product",
     "summary": "A value-stream management model that tracks four flow item types and five flow metrics to give business leaders portfolio-level visibility.",
     "originators": [
      "Mik Kersten"
     ],
     "steward": "Planview",
     "era": "2018–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kersten, M.",
       "year": "2018",
       "title": "Project to Product: How to Survive and Thrive in the Age of Digital Disruption with the Flow Framework",
       "venue": "IT Revolution Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Flow Framework",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Flow Framework official site",
       "venue": "flowframework.org",
       "url": "https://flowframework.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Flow Framework",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Flow Framework: Discover (flow items and metrics)",
       "venue": "flowframework.org",
       "url": "https://flowframework.org/ffc-discover/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Planview",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Transitioning from Project to Product with the Flow Framework (white paper)",
       "venue": "Planview",
       "url": "https://info.planview.com/rs/456-QCH-520/images/transitioning-from-project-to-product_whitepaper_rbd.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "SPACE Framework",
     "summary": "A five-dimension framework (Satisfaction, Performance, Activity, Communication, Efficiency and flow) for measuring developer productivity without relying on a single metric.",
     "originators": [
      "Nicole Forsgren",
      "Margaret-Anne Storey",
      "Chandra Maddila",
      "Thomas Zimmermann",
      "Brian Houck",
      "Jenna Butler"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2021",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Forsgren, N., Storey, M-A., Maddila, C., Zimmermann, T., Houck, B., & Butler, J.",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "The SPACE of Developer Productivity: There's more to it than you think",
       "venue": "ACM Queue, 19(1); Communications of the ACM, 64(6)",
       "url": "https://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=3454124",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Forsgren, N., Storey, M-A., Maddila, C., Zimmermann, T., Houck, B., & Butler, J.",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "The SPACE of Developer Productivity: There's more to it than you think (publication page)",
       "venue": "Microsoft Research",
       "url": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/the-space-of-developer-productivity-theres-more-to-it-than-you-think/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Scrum@Scale",
     "summary": "A scale-free framework that links Scrum teams into a network using a dual Scrum Master and Product Owner coordination cycle.",
     "originators": [
      "Jeff Sutherland"
     ],
     "steward": "Scrum Inc.",
     "era": "2018–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Sutherland, J., & Scrum Inc.",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "The Scrum@Scale Guide (official PDF)",
       "venue": "Scrum Inc.",
       "url": "https://www.scrumatscale.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/official-scrum-at-scale-guide.pdf",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Scrum Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Scrum@Scale official site",
       "venue": "Scrum Inc.",
       "url": "https://www.scrumatscale.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Scrum Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The Scrum@Scale Guide (online)",
       "venue": "Scrum Inc.",
       "url": "https://www.scrumatscale.com/scrum-at-scale-guide-online/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 3,
   "id": "end-to-end-processes",
   "title": "End-to-end business processes",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "The cross-functional backbone that recurs in almost every company: stages, owners and KPIs.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Order-to-Cash (O2C)",
     "summary": "The revenue cycle from customer order through billing, collections and cash application, spanning sales, fulfillment and finance.",
     "originators": [],
     "steward": null,
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Order-to-Cash Performance Assessment",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/what-we-do/benchmarking/assessment-survey/order-cash-performance-assessment",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub (PCF Category 9.0 Manage Financial Resources)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Procure-to-Pay (P2P)",
     "summary": "The purchasing cycle from requisition and sourcing through goods receipt, invoice matching and supplier payment.",
     "originators": [],
     "steward": null,
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "CIPS",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Procure to Pay Process (P2P): Definition and Guide",
       "venue": "CIPS (Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply)",
       "url": "https://www.cips.org/intelligence-hub/procurement-technology/procure-to-pay-process",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub (PCF Category 4.0 and Category 9.0)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Record-to-Report (R2R)",
     "summary": "The accounting and financial-close backbone from transaction recording and reconciliation through consolidation and financial reporting.",
     "originators": [],
     "steward": null,
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub (PCF Category 9.0 Manage Financial Resources)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Hire-to-Retire (H2R)",
     "summary": "The employee lifecycle from workforce planning and recruiting through onboarding, payroll, development and offboarding.",
     "originators": [],
     "steward": null,
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub (PCF Category 7.0 Develop and Manage Human Capital)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Acquire-to-Retire (A2R)",
     "summary": "The fixed-asset lifecycle from capital acquisition through capitalization, depreciation, tracking and disposal.",
     "originators": [],
     "steward": null,
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub (PCF Category 10.0 and Category 9.0)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "10.0 Acquire, Construct, and Manage Assets: definitions and key measures (resource listing)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/resource-library/resource-listing/100-acquire-construct-and-manage-assets-definitions-and-key-1",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Plan-to-Perform (FP&A Budgeting & Planning Backbone)",
     "summary": "The financial planning cycle from strategic planning and budget construction through rolling forecasts and variance reporting.",
     "originators": [],
     "steward": null,
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub (PCF Category 9.0 process group 9.1 and Category 1.0)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Idea-to-Market / Stage-Gate Process",
     "summary": "A new-product development governance model in which an idea passes through staged work separated by go/kill/hold/recycle gates run by cross-functional gatekeepers.",
     "originators": [
      "Robert G. Cooper",
      "Scott Edgett"
     ],
     "steward": "Stage-Gate International",
     "era": "early 1980s–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Cooper, R. G.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Winning at New Products: Creating Value Through Innovation, 5th ed.",
       "venue": "Basic Books",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Stage-Gate International",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The Stage-Gate Model: An Overview",
       "venue": "Stage-Gate International",
       "url": "https://www.stage-gate.com/blog/the-stage-gate-model-an-overview/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Stage-Gate International",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Stage-Gate International homepage",
       "venue": "Stage-Gate International",
       "url": "https://www.stage-gate.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Cooper, R. G.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Robert Cooper community blog",
       "venue": "PDMA",
       "url": "https://community.pdma.org/blogs/robert-cooper",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Cooper, R. G.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The Stage-Gate Product Innovation System: from Idea to Launch",
       "venue": "Wiley Online Library",
       "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118785317.weom130024",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Process Frameworks hub (PCF Category 2.0 Develop and Manage Products and Services)",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org/process-frameworks",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 4,
   "id": "budgeting-governance",
   "title": "Budgeting and financial governance",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "Planning philosophies and the control and accountability structures over money.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Beyond Budgeting",
     "summary": "A management model of twelve principles (six leadership, six management process) that replaces fixed annual budgets with adaptive, decentralized, relative-target management.",
     "originators": [
      "Jeremy Hope",
      "Robin Fraser"
     ],
     "steward": "Beyond Budgeting Institute",
     "era": "1998–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Hope, J., & Fraser, R.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "Beyond Budgeting: How Managers Can Break Free from the Annual Performance Trap",
       "venue": "Harvard Business School Press",
       "url": "https://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Budgeting-Managers-Annual-Performance/dp/1578518660",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bogsnes, B.",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Implementing Beyond Budgeting: Unlocking the Performance Potential",
       "venue": "Wiley (1st ed. 2009)",
       "url": "https://www.amazon.com/Implementing-Beyond-Budgeting-Unlocking-Performance/dp/111915247X",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beyond Budgeting Round Table",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Beyond Budgeting principles",
       "venue": "BBRT / Beyond Budgeting Institute",
       "url": "https://bbrt.org/wp-content/uploads/bb_principles.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beyond Budgeting Round Table",
       "year": null,
       "title": "BBRT / Beyond Budgeting Institute homepage",
       "venue": "BBRT / Beyond Budgeting Institute",
       "url": "https://bbrt.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beyond Budgeting Institute",
       "year": null,
       "title": "BBRT founders page (Jeremy Hope, Robin Fraser)",
       "venue": "BBRT",
       "url": "https://www.bbrt.co.uk/BBRT/bbrt-founders.html",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Zero-Based Budgeting (ZBB)",
     "summary": "A budgeting method in which every budget is rebuilt from zero each cycle using decision units, decision packages and a ranked funding cutoff.",
     "originators": [
      "Peter Pyhrr"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1970s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Pyhrr, P.",
       "year": "1973",
       "title": "Zero-Base Budgeting",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "McKinsey & Company",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Zero-based budgeting revisited: Why this time is different",
       "venue": "McKinsey & Company",
       "url": "https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/zero-based-budgeting-revisited-why-this-time-is-different",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "McKinsey & Company",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The truth about zero-based budgeting: ZBB for consumer-goods players",
       "venue": "McKinsey & Company",
       "url": "https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/the-truth-about-zero-based-budgeting-zbb-for-consumer-goods-players",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "McKinsey & Company",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Five myths (and realities) about zero-based budgeting",
       "venue": "McKinsey & Company",
       "url": "https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/five-myths-and-realities-about-zero-based-budgeting",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "McKinsey & Company",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The return of zero base budgeting",
       "venue": "McKinsey & Company",
       "url": "https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Strategy%20and%20Corporate%20Finance/Our%20Insights/The%20return%20of%20zero%20base%20budgeting/The%20return%20of%20zero%20base%20budgeting.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Deloitte",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Zero-based budgeting",
       "venue": "Deloitte",
       "url": "https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/services/consulting/2022/gx-us-operations-cons-zero-based-budgeting.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "COSO Internal Control – Integrated Framework",
     "summary": "The dominant global standard for designing and assessing internal control, organized as five components and seventeen principles.",
     "originators": [
      "Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO)"
     ],
     "steward": "COSO",
     "era": "1992–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "COSO",
       "year": "1992",
       "title": "Internal Control – Integrated Framework",
       "venue": "COSO",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "COSO",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)",
       "venue": "COSO (distributed via The IIA Bookstore)",
       "url": "https://www.theiia.org/en/products/bookstore/coso---internal-control--integrated-framework-2013-framework/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "COSO",
       "year": null,
       "title": "COSO guidance on internal control",
       "venue": "COSO",
       "url": "https://www.coso.org/guidance-on-ic",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "COSO Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) Framework",
     "summary": "COSO's framework that integrates risk management with strategy-setting and performance, organized as five components and twenty principles.",
     "originators": [
      "COSO",
      "PwC"
     ],
     "steward": "COSO",
     "era": "2004–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "COSO",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Enterprise Risk Management – Integrated Framework",
       "venue": "COSO",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "COSO / PwC",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "Enterprise Risk Management—Integrating with Strategy and Performance",
       "venue": "COSO (distributed via The IIA Bookstore)",
       "url": "https://www.theiia.org/en/products/bookstore/coso-enterprise-risk-management---integrating-with-strategy-and-performance/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "COSO / PwC",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "Enterprise Risk Management—Integrating with Strategy and Performance: Executive Summary",
       "venue": "COSO",
       "url": "https://static.poder360.com.br/2023/09/Diretriz-Enterprise-Risk-Management-Coso-2017.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "COSO",
       "year": null,
       "title": "COSO guidance on enterprise risk management",
       "venue": "COSO",
       "url": "https://www.coso.org/guidance-on-erm",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "The IIA Three Lines Model",
     "summary": "The IIA's governance model that assigns risk ownership, oversight and independent assurance across a governing body and three lines of roles.",
     "originators": [
      "The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)"
     ],
     "steward": "The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA)",
     "era": "2013–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "The Institute of Internal Auditors",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "The IIA's Three Lines Model: An Update of the Three Lines of Defense",
       "venue": "The IIA",
       "url": "https://www.theiia.org/globalassets/documents/resources/the-iias-three-lines-model-an-update-of-the-three-lines-of-defense-july-2020/three-lines-model-updated-english.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Institute of Internal Auditors",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "IIA Issues Important Update to Three Lines Model",
       "venue": "The IIA",
       "url": "https://www.theiia.org/en/content/communications/2020/july/20-july-2020-iia-issues-important-update-to-three-lines-model/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Institute of Internal Auditors",
       "year": null,
       "title": "What is the Three Lines Model?",
       "venue": "The IIA Customer Support",
       "url": "https://service.iiacustomersupport.org/support/solutions/articles/153000219369-what-is-the-three-lines-model-",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Driver-Based Planning / Rolling Forecasts",
     "summary": "A practice cluster that ties forecasts to measurable operational drivers and refreshes them on a rolling cadence instead of a static annual budget.",
     "originators": [
      "Association for Financial Professionals (AFP)",
      "APQC"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Association for Financial Professionals",
       "year": null,
       "title": "FP&A Guide to Driver-based Models and Plans",
       "venue": "AFP",
       "url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/training-resources/resources/guides/fp-a-guides/detail/driver-based-modelling",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "APQC",
       "year": null,
       "title": "APQC FP&A/planning process benchmarking research hub",
       "venue": "APQC",
       "url": "https://www.apqc.org",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 5,
   "id": "decision-making",
   "title": "Decision-making",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "Decision rights, delegation, situational decision style, and why real decisions depart from their design.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "RACI Matrix",
     "summary": "A responsibility-assignment matrix tagging each role on a task as Responsible, Accountable, Consulted or Informed.",
     "originators": [],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1950s–1970s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Perfony",
       "year": null,
       "title": "RACI matrix: history of a managerial invention",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.perfony.com/en/raci-matrix-history-of-a-managerial-invention/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "RAPID Framework",
     "summary": "A five-role decision-rights framework (Recommend, Agree, Perform, Input, Decide) for assigning authority over a single high-stakes decision.",
     "originators": [
      "Paul Rogers",
      "Marcia Blenko"
     ],
     "steward": "Bain & Company",
     "era": "2006",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Rogers, P. & Blenko, M.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Who Has the D? How Clear Decision Roles Enhance Organizational Performance",
       "venue": "Harvard Business Review (January 2006)",
       "url": "https://hbr.org/2006/01/who-has-the-d-how-clear-decision-roles-enhance-organizational-performance",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bain & Company",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Who has the 'D'?",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.bain.com/insights/who-has-the-d/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "DACI Framework",
     "summary": "A lightweight team-level decision-rights framework naming a Driver, Approver, Contributors and Informed parties.",
     "originators": [
      "Intuit"
     ],
     "steward": "Atlassian",
     "era": null,
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Atlassian",
       "year": null,
       "title": "DACI: A Decision-Making Framework",
       "venue": "Atlassian Team Playbook",
       "url": "https://www.atlassian.com/team-playbook/plays/daci",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Atlassian",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The DACI method: how to make better decisions during projects",
       "venue": "Atlassian Blog",
       "url": "https://www.atlassian.com/blog/project-management/daci-method-for-better-project-decisions",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Kepner-Tregoe Decision Analysis",
     "summary": "A structured rational method for choosing among alternatives using MUST and WANT criteria, weighted scoring and adverse-consequence assessment.",
     "originators": [
      "Charles H. Kepner",
      "Benjamin B. Tregoe"
     ],
     "steward": "Kepner-Tregoe, Inc.",
     "era": "early 1960s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kepner, C.H. & Tregoe, B.B.",
       "year": "1965",
       "title": "The Rational Manager",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kepner, C.H. & Tregoe, B.B.",
       "year": "1981",
       "title": "The New Rational Manager",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kepner-Tregoe, Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Kepner-Tregoe official site",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://kepner-tregoe.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Delegation Poker / 7 Levels of Delegation",
     "summary": "A facilitation game and seven-level scale for making explicit how much decision authority a manager cedes to a team.",
     "originators": [
      "Jurgen Appelo"
     ],
     "steward": "Management 3.0",
     "era": "2010–2011",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Appelo, J.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "Management 3.0: Leading Agile Developers, Developing Agile Leaders",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Management 3.0",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Delegation Poker & Delegation Board",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://management30.com/practice/delegation-poker/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Appelo, J.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The 7 Levels of Delegation",
       "venue": "Medium",
       "url": "https://medium.com/@jurgenappelo/the-7-levels-of-delegation-672ec2a48103",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Amazon's Type 1 / Type 2 Decisions (One-Way vs. Two-Way Doors)",
     "summary": "A classification of decisions by reversibility that prescribes slow, deliberate process for irreversible ones and fast, delegated process for reversible ones.",
     "originators": [
      "Jeff Bezos"
     ],
     "steward": "Amazon",
     "era": "2015–2016",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Amazon",
       "year": "1997",
       "title": "1997 Letter to Shareholders",
       "venue": "Amazon",
       "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/amazon-1997-letter-to-shareholders",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Amazon",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "2015 Letter to Shareholders (published April 2016)",
       "venue": "Amazon",
       "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/company-news/2016-letter-to-shareholders",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "AWS Executive Insights",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Elements of Amazon's Day 1 Culture",
       "venue": "Amazon Web Services",
       "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/executive-insights/content/how-amazon-defines-and-operationalizes-a-day-1-culture/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Cynefin Framework",
     "summary": "A sense-making framework sorting situations into Clear, Complicated, Complex, Chaotic and Confused domains, each calling for a different decision approach.",
     "originators": [
      "Dave Snowden",
      "Cynthia Kurtz",
      "Mary Boone"
     ],
     "steward": "The Cynefin Company",
     "era": "1999–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kurtz, C.F. & Snowden, D.J.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "The new dynamics of strategy: Sense-making in a complex and complicated world",
       "venue": "IBM Systems Journal, 42(3)",
       "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5386846",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Snowden, D. & Boone, M.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "A Leader's Framework for Decision Making",
       "venue": "Harvard Business Review (November 2007)",
       "url": "https://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The Cynefin Co.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Cynefin framework overview",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://thecynefin.co/about-us/about-cynefin-framework/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "OODA Loop",
     "summary": "A continuous Observe-Orient-Decide-Act cycle model in which faster, better-oriented cycling gets an actor inside a rival's decision loop.",
     "originators": [
      "John Boyd"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1950s–1990s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Boyd, J.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Patterns of Conflict (briefing)",
       "venue": "Defense and the National Interest",
       "url": "http://www.dnipogo.org/boyd/patterns_ppt.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Osinga, F.P.B.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "Science, Strategy and War: The Strategic Theory of John Boyd",
       "venue": "Routledge (Eburon Academic Publishers, 2005)",
       "url": "https://www.routledge.com/Science-Strategy-and-War-The-Strategic-Theory-of-John-Boyd/Osinga/p/book/9780415459525",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Vroom-Yetton-Jago Normative Decision Model",
     "summary": "A normative decision-tree model prescribing how autocratic or participative a leader's decision style should be given the decision's characteristics.",
     "originators": [
      "Victor Vroom",
      "Philip Yetton",
      "Arthur Jago"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1973–1988",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Vroom, V.H. & Yetton, P.W.",
       "year": "1973",
       "title": "Leadership and Decision-Making",
       "venue": "University of Pittsburgh Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Vroom, V.H. & Jago, A.G.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "The New Leadership: Managing Participation in Organizations",
       "venue": "Prentice-Hall",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Vroom, V.H.",
       "year": "2000",
       "title": "Leadership and the Decision-Making Process",
       "venue": "Organizational Dynamics, 28(4)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Bounded Rationality & the Behavioral Theory of the Firm",
     "summary": "Simon's bounded rationality and satisficing together with Cyert and March's coalition-and-routines theory of how firms actually decide.",
     "originators": [
      "Herbert A. Simon",
      "Richard M. Cyert",
      "James G. March"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1947–1963",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Simon, H.A.",
       "year": "1947",
       "title": "Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization",
       "venue": "Macmillan",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Simon, H.A.",
       "year": "1956",
       "title": "Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment",
       "venue": "Psychological Review, 63(2)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Simon, H.A.",
       "year": "1978",
       "title": "Rational Decision-Making in Business Organizations (Nobel Memorial Prize Lecture)",
       "venue": "Nobel Prize",
       "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/simon-lecture.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Cyert, R.M. & March, J.G.",
       "year": "1963",
       "title": "A Behavioral Theory of the Firm",
       "venue": "Prentice-Hall",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "The Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice",
     "summary": "A model of decision-making in organized anarchies as the near-random meeting of problem, solution, participant and choice-opportunity streams.",
     "originators": [
      "Michael D. Cohen",
      "James G. March",
      "Johan P. Olsen"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1972",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Cohen, M.D., March, J.G., & Olsen, J.P.",
       "year": "1972",
       "title": "A Garbage Can Model of Organizational Choice",
       "venue": "Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(1), 1-25",
       "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/2392088",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Believability-Weighted Decision Making",
     "summary": "An idea-meritocracy system that weights each person's opinion by demonstrated track record and reasoning, operationalized in Bridgewater's Dot Collector.",
     "originators": [
      "Ray Dalio"
     ],
     "steward": "Bridgewater Associates",
     "era": "2017",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Dalio, R.",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "Principles: Life and Work",
       "venue": "Simon & Schuster",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Principles.com",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Believability Weight Your Decision Making",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.principles.com/principles/633d5d13-8610-425f-ad62-cd62347d9165/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Principles.com",
       "year": null,
       "title": "A believability-weighted idea meritocracy is the best system for making decisions",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.principles.com/principles/63fd198e-0b49-4fa9-9571-86b096a7c846/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bridgewater Associates",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Bridgewater Associates corporate site",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.bridgewater.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 6,
   "id": "computational-organization-models",
   "title": "Computational organization models",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "Formal role, norm and mission models for organizations of software agents: the closest prior art.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Gaia Methodology",
     "summary": "An agent-oriented analysis and design methodology that treats a multi-agent system as an organization of roles with responsibilities, permissions, activities and protocols.",
     "originators": [
      "Michael Wooldridge",
      "Nicholas Jennings",
      "David Kinny",
      "Franco Zambonelli"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2000–2003",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Wooldridge, M., Jennings, N. R., & Kinny, D.",
       "year": "2000",
       "title": "The Gaia Methodology for Agent-Oriented Analysis and Design",
       "venue": "Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 3(3), 285–312",
       "url": "https://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/people/michael.wooldridge/pubs/jaamas2000b.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Zambonelli, F., Jennings, N. R., & Wooldridge, M.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "Developing Multiagent Systems: The Gaia Methodology",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 12(3), 317–370",
       "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/958961.958963",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Zambonelli, F., Jennings, N. R., & Wooldridge, M.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "A Framework for Patterns in Gaia",
       "venue": "University of Southampton ePrints",
       "url": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/260215/1/A_Framework_for_Patterns_in_Gaia.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "MOISE / MOISE+",
     "summary": "An organizational modeling language separating structural, functional and deontic specifications of a multi-agent organization.",
     "originators": [
      "Jomi F. Hübner",
      "Jaime S. Sichman",
      "Olivier Boissier"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2002–2004",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., & Boissier, O.",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "A Model for the Structural, Functional, and Deontic Specification of Organizations in Multiagent Systems",
       "venue": "SBIA 2002, LNAI 2507, Springer",
       "url": "https://moise.sourceforge.net/doc/publications/Hubner-sbia2002.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., & Boissier, O.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "MOISE+: Towards a Structural, Functional, and Deontic Model for MAS Organization",
       "venue": "HAL (Mines Saint-Étienne)",
       "url": "https://hal-emse.ccsd.cnrs.fr/emse-00758315",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hübner, J. F., Sichman, J. S., & Boissier, O.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "S-MOISE+: A Middleware for Developing Organised Multi-agent Systems",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.academia.edu/3821967/S_MOISE_A_Middleware_for_Developing_Organised_Multi_agent_Systems",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hübner, J. F., Boissier, O., Kitio, R., & Ricci, A.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "From Organisation Specification to Normative Programming in Multi-Agent Organisations",
       "venue": "Springer",
       "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-14977-1_11",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "MOISE project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "MOISE project homepage",
       "venue": "SourceForge",
       "url": "https://moise.sourceforge.net/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "OperA",
     "summary": "A framework for specifying agent organizations through organizational, interaction and normative structures, with contracts binding autonomous agents to roles.",
     "originators": [
      "Virginia Dignum"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2004",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Dignum, V.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "A Model for Organizational Interaction: Based on Agents, Concepts for Design and Implementation",
       "venue": "PhD thesis, Utrecht University",
       "url": "https://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/serien/ah/UU-CS/2004-015.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Dignum, V., & Dignum, F.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Formal Specification of Interaction in Agent Societies",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.cs.le.ac.uk/SoftSD/resources/dignum-final030114.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Aldewereld, H., & Dignum, V.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "OperettA: Organization-Oriented Development Environment",
       "venue": "CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 627 (LADS 2010)",
       "url": "https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-627/lads_2.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Dignum, V., et al.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Organizing Multiagent Systems",
       "venue": "Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems",
       "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10458-005-1673-9",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Dignum, V.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "An Agent-Based Inter-organizational Collaboration Framework: OperA+",
       "venue": "Springer",
       "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-35545-5_4",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "AGR (Agent/Group/Role) Model",
     "summary": "A minimalist organizational model using only groups and roles, composed bottom-up with group-scoped communication and no global structure.",
     "originators": [
      "Jacques Ferber",
      "Olivier Gutknecht"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1998",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Ferber, J., & Gutknecht, O.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "A Meta-Model for the Analysis and Design of Organizations in Multi-Agent Systems",
       "venue": "ICMAS'98, IEEE",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gutknecht, O., & Ferber, J.",
       "year": "2000",
       "title": "The MadKit Agent Platform Architecture",
       "venue": "Infrastructure for Agents, Multi-Agent Systems, and Scalable Multi-Agent Systems, LNCS 1887, Springer",
       "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/646675.701833",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ferber, J., Gutknecht, O., & Michel, F.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "From Agents to Organizations: an Organizational View of Multi-Agent Systems",
       "venue": "AAMAS 2003 AOSE-IV workshop",
       "url": "https://www.madkit.net/madkit/docs/articles/FromAgentstoOrganizations_AAMAS03_FerbGutMich.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "MadKit project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "MadKit project homepage",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.madkit.net/madkit/madkit.php",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Electronic Institutions",
     "summary": "An institution model of scenes, a speech-act dialogical framework and normative rules, specified in ISLANDER and enforced at runtime by AMELI.",
     "originators": [
      "Marc Esteva",
      "Carles Sierra",
      "Josep Lluís Arcos",
      "Juan Antonio Rodríguez-Aguilar",
      "Pablo Noriega"
     ],
     "steward": "IIIA-CSIC",
     "era": "late 1990s–2000s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Esteva, M., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. A., Sierra, C., Garcia, P., & Arcos, J. L.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "On the Formal Specification of Electronic Institutions",
       "venue": "Agent-Mediated Electronic Commerce, LNAI 1991, Springer",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Esteva, M., et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "ISLANDER: An Electronic Institutions Editor",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221456486_ISLANDER_an_electronic_institutions_editor",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Esteva, M., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. A., Rosell, B., & Arcos, J. L.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "AMELI: An Agent-based Middleware for Electronic Institutions",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2945156_AMELI_An_Agent-based_Middleware_for_Electronic_Institutions",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Sierra, C., Rodríguez-Aguilar, J. A., Noriega, P., Esteva, M., & Arcos, J. L.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Engineering Multi-Agent Systems as Electronic Institutions",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.iiia.csic.es/",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Noriega, P., Padget, J., et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Designing Institutional Multi-Agent Systems",
       "venue": "Springer",
       "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-70945-9_6",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Campos, J., Esteva, M., et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Formalising Situated Normative Systems",
       "venue": "IIIA-CSIC",
       "url": "https://www.iiia.csic.es/media/filer_public/48/96/48962147-48fa-4456-94ee-80d53ca05f3c/iiia-2007-1282.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bogdanovych, A., et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "3D Electronic Institutions: Social Interfaces for E-Commerce",
       "venue": "IIIA-CSIC",
       "url": "https://www.iiia.csic.es/media/filer_public/8c/6b/8c6b8981-dd33-44a9-bb84-1484c92c5777/iiia-2004-1334.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "JaCaMo",
     "summary": "An executable multi-agent platform integrating Jason BDI agents, CArtAgO artifacts and Moise organizations.",
     "originators": [
      "Olivier Boissier",
      "Rafael H. Bordini",
      "Jomi F. Hübner",
      "Alessandro Ricci",
      "Andrea Santi"
     ],
     "steward": "jacamo-lang (GitHub organization)",
     "era": "2011–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Boissier, O., Bordini, R. H., Hübner, J. F., Ricci, A., & Santi, A.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Multi-agent oriented programming with JaCaMo",
       "venue": "Science of Computer Programming, 78(6), 747–761",
       "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016764231100181X",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Boissier, O., Bordini, R. H., Hübner, J. F., & Ricci, A.",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "Multi-Agent Oriented Programming: Programming Multi-Agent Systems Using JaCaMo",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": "https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262044578/",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Boissier, O.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Multi-Agent Oriented Programming — The JaCaMo Platform (course lecture notes)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://emse.fr/~boissier/enseignement/maop17-autumn/pdf/lecture-maop-introduction.pdf",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ricci, A., Piunti, M., & Viroli, M.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Environment Programming in Multi-Agent Systems: an Artifact-based Perspective",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "JaCaMo project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "JaCaMo project homepage / repository",
       "venue": "GitHub",
       "url": "https://github.com/jacamo-lang/jacamo",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 7,
   "id": "organizational-theory",
   "title": "Organizational theory and institutional economics",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "Why firm boundaries, delegation, institutions, learning and coordination take the shape they do.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Transaction Cost Economics (Coase & Williamson)",
     "summary": "A theory explaining firm boundaries and governance choice through the costs of using markets, driven by asset specificity, uncertainty and frequency.",
     "originators": [
      "Ronald Coase",
      "Oliver Williamson"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1937–1985",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Coase, R.H.",
       "year": "1937",
       "title": "The Nature of the Firm",
       "venue": "Economica, 4(16), 386-405",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Williamson, O.E.",
       "year": "1975",
       "title": "Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications",
       "venue": "Free Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Williamson, O.E.",
       "year": "1985",
       "title": "The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting",
       "venue": "Free Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Williamson, O.E.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression (Nobel Prize Lecture)",
       "venue": "Nobel Prize",
       "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/williamson_lecture.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Principal-Agent Theory & Contract Theory",
     "summary": "Agency-cost theory of delegated authority plus incomplete-contracts theory of residual control rights and the boundary of the firm.",
     "originators": [
      "Michael C. Jensen",
      "William H. Meckling",
      "Sanford Grossman",
      "Oliver Hart",
      "John Moore"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1976–1990",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Jensen, M.C. & Meckling, W.H.",
       "year": "1976",
       "title": "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure",
       "venue": "Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360",
       "url": "https://www.sfu.ca/~wainwrig/Econ400/jensen-meckling.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Grossman, S.J. & Hart, O.D.",
       "year": "1986",
       "title": "The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration",
       "venue": "Journal of Political Economy, 94(4), 691-719",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hart, O. & Moore, J.",
       "year": "1990",
       "title": "Property Rights and the Nature of the Firm",
       "venue": "Journal of Political Economy, 98(6), 1119-1158",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hart, O.",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Incomplete Contracts and Control (Nobel Prize Lecture)",
       "venue": "Nobel Prize",
       "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/hart-lecture.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework",
     "summary": "A diagnostic framework analyzing action arenas through seven types of rules-in-use, with empirically derived design principles for commons governance.",
     "originators": [
      "Elinor Ostrom"
     ],
     "steward": "Ostrom Workshop, Indiana University",
     "era": "1980s–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Ostrom, E.",
       "year": "1990",
       "title": "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ostrom, E.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Understanding Institutional Diversity",
       "venue": "Princeton University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ostrom, E.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Background on the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework",
       "venue": "Policy Studies Journal, 39(1), 7-27",
       "url": "https://gpde.direito.ufmg.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Ostrom-2011-Policy_Studies_Journal.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ostrom, E.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems (Nobel Prize Lecture)",
       "venue": "Nobel Prize",
       "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/ostrom-lecture-slides.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ostrom Workshop, Indiana University",
       "year": null,
       "title": "IAD Framework",
       "venue": "Indiana University",
       "url": "https://ostromworkshop.indiana.edu/courses-teaching/teaching-tools/iad-framework/index.html",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Organizational Learning (March, Argyris & Schön, Senge)",
     "summary": "Three linked theories of organizational adaptation: exploration versus exploitation, single- and double-loop learning, and the five-discipline learning organization.",
     "originators": [
      "James G. March",
      "Chris Argyris",
      "Donald Schön",
      "Peter Senge"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1976–1991",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "March, J.G.",
       "year": "1991",
       "title": "Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning",
       "venue": "Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87",
       "url": "https://sjbae.pbworks.com/f/march+1991.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Argyris, C. & Schön, D.A.",
       "year": "1978",
       "title": "Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective",
       "venue": "Addison-Wesley",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Argyris, C.",
       "year": "1976",
       "title": "Single-Loop and Double-Loop Models in Research on Decision Making",
       "venue": "Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(3), 363-375",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Senge, P.M.",
       "year": "1990",
       "title": "The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization",
       "venue": "Doubleday/Currency",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Evolutionary Economics & Organizational Ecology (Nelson & Winter, Hannan & Freeman)",
     "summary": "Evolutionary theory of firm routines under variation and selection, plus population-level ecology of organizational founding and mortality.",
     "originators": [
      "Richard R. Nelson",
      "Sidney G. Winter",
      "Michael T. Hannan",
      "John Freeman"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1977–1982",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Nelson, R.R. & Winter, S.G.",
       "year": "1982",
       "title": "An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change",
       "venue": "Belknap Press of Harvard University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hannan, M.T. & Freeman, J.",
       "year": "1977",
       "title": "The Population Ecology of Organizations",
       "venue": "American Journal of Sociology, 82(5), 929-964",
       "url": "https://www.iot.ntnu.no/innovation/norsi-pims-courses/harrison/Hannan%20&%20Freeman%20(1977).PDF",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hannan, M.T. & Freeman, J.",
       "year": "1989",
       "title": "Organizational Ecology",
       "venue": "Harvard University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Coordination Theory (Malone & Crowston)",
     "summary": "A theory defining coordination as managing dependencies between activities, with a taxonomy pairing dependency types with coordination mechanisms.",
     "originators": [
      "Thomas W. Malone",
      "Kevin Crowston"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1994",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Malone, T.W. & Crowston, K.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination",
       "venue": "ACM Computing Surveys, 26(1), 87-119",
       "url": "https://crowston.syr.edu/sites/default/files/acmcs94.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Malone, T.W. & Crowston, K.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Toward an Interdisciplinary Theory of Coordination",
       "venue": "MIT Center for Coordination Science Working Paper CCSWP157",
       "url": "http://ccs.mit.edu/papers/CCSWP157.html",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Malone, T.W. & Crowston, K.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "Coordination Theory: A Ten-Year Retrospective",
       "venue": "Human-Computer Interaction in Management Information Systems",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Crowston, K. & Osborn, C.S.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "A Coordination Theory Approach to Process Description and Redesign",
       "venue": "Organizing Business Knowledge: The MIT Process Handbook, MIT Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 8,
   "id": "enterprise-ontologies",
   "title": "Enterprise and foundational ontologies",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "Logically precise definitions of role, event, resource, commitment and organizational identity.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "REA Ontology (Resources-Events-Agents)",
     "summary": "An ontology of economic exchange built on resources, events and agents with a mandatory give-to-get duality constraint.",
     "originators": [
      "William E. McCarthy",
      "Guido Geerts"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1982–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "McCarthy, W. E.",
       "year": "1982",
       "title": "The REA Accounting Model: A Generalized Framework for Accounting Systems in a Shared Data Environment",
       "venue": "The Accounting Review, 57(3), 554–578",
       "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239064746_The_REA_Accounting_Model_A_Generalized_Framework_for_Accounting_Systems_Shared_Data_Environment",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Geerts, G. L., & McCarthy, W. E.",
       "year": "2000/2002",
       "title": "The Ontological Foundation of REA Enterprise Information Systems",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228583572_The_Ontological_Foundation_of_REA_Enterprise_Information_Systems",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "TOVE (TOronto Virtual Enterprise) Ontology",
     "summary": "A first-order-logic enterprise ontology of activity, time, resource, organization structure, cost and quality, validated through competency questions.",
     "originators": [
      "Michael Gruninger",
      "Mark S. Fox"
     ],
     "steward": "Enterprise Integration Laboratory, University of Toronto",
     "era": "early 1990s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Fox, M. S.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The TOVE Project: Towards a Common-Sense Model of the Enterprise",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://eil.mie.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Fox-IEAI92.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Fox, M. S., Barbuceanu, M., Gruninger, M., & Lin, J.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "An Organisation Ontology for Enterprise Modelling",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gruninger, M., & Fox, M. S.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "The Role of Competency Questions in Enterprise Engineering",
       "venue": "IFIP WG5.7 Workshop on Benchmarking",
       "url": "http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/wp-content/uploads/enterprise-modelling/papers/benchIFIP94.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Enterprise Integration Laboratory, University of Toronto",
       "year": null,
       "title": "TOVE project pages",
       "venue": "University of Toronto",
       "url": "https://www.eil.utoronto.ca/enterprise-modelling/tove/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "UFO (Unified Foundational Ontology) & OntoUML",
     "summary": "A foundational ontology with kind, role, phase and relator distinctions, operationalized as the OntoUML conceptual-modeling profile.",
     "originators": [
      "Giancarlo Guizzardi"
     ],
     "steward": "NEMO, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES)",
     "era": "2005–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Guizzardi, G.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Ontological Foundations for Structural Conceptual Models",
       "venue": "PhD thesis, University of Twente",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Guizzardi, G., Benevides, A. B., Fonseca, C. M., Almeida, J. P. A., Sales, T. P., & Porello, D.",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "UFO: Unified Foundational Ontology",
       "venue": "Applied Ontology, 17(1), 167–210",
       "url": "https://www.inf.ufes.br/~gguizzardi/Applied_Ontology__UFO__Unified_Foundational_Ontology.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OntoUML",
       "year": null,
       "title": "OntoUML specification documentation",
       "venue": "Read the Docs",
       "url": "https://ontouml.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro/ufo.html",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Guizzardi, G., et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Types and Taxonomic Structures in Conceptual Modeling: A Novel Ontological Theory and Engineering Support",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.inf.ufes.br/~gguizzardi/Types_and_Taxonomic_Structures_in_Conceptual_Modeling:A%20Novel_Ontological_Theory_and_Engineering_Support.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "NEMO, UFES",
       "year": null,
       "title": "NEMO (Ontology & Conceptual Modeling Research Group)",
       "venue": "Federal University of Espírito Santo",
       "url": "https://nemo.inf.ufes.br/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Foundational/Upper Ontologies: BFO, DOLCE, and SUMO",
     "summary": "A comparison of three leading top-level ontologies: realist BFO, descriptive DOLCE and broad-coverage SUMO.",
     "originators": [
      "Barry Smith",
      "Nicola Guarino",
      "Claudio Masolo",
      "Ian Niles",
      "Adam Pease"
     ],
     "steward": "ISTC-CNR Laboratory for Applied Ontology (DOLCE); Articulate Software (SUMO)",
     "era": "2000–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "ISO/IEC",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "ISO/IEC 21838-2:2021, Information technology — Top-level ontologies (TLO) — Part 2: Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)",
       "venue": "ISO/IEC",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "BFO Ontology",
       "year": null,
       "title": "BFO-2020 repository (ISO 21838-2 artifacts)",
       "venue": "GitHub",
       "url": "https://github.com/bfo-ontology/BFO-2020",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Laboratory for Applied Ontology, ISTC-CNR",
       "year": null,
       "title": "DOLCE homepage",
       "venue": "ISTC-CNR",
       "url": "https://www.loa.istc.cnr.it/index.php/dolce/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Borgo, S., Ferrario, R., Gangemi, A., Guarino, N., Masolo, C., Porello, D., Sanfilippo, E. M., & Vieu, L.",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "DOLCE: A Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering",
       "venue": "Applied Ontology, 17(1), 45–69",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.01597",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Niles, I., & Pease, A.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "Towards a Standard Upper Ontology",
       "venue": "Proceedings of FOIS-2001",
       "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221234966_Towards_a_Standard_Upper_Ontology",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Articulate Software",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SUMO / Sigma knowledge engineering environment",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.ontologyportal.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Object-Role Modeling (ORM/ORM2)",
     "summary": "A fact-oriented conceptual modeling approach with a precise constraint vocabulary and natural-language verbalization.",
     "originators": [
      "Terry Halpin"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1980s–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Halpin, T.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Object-Role Modeling: An Overview (white paper)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.orm.net/pdf/ORMwhitePaper.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Halpin, T.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "ORM 2 Graphical Notation (Technical Report ORM2-01)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.orm.net/pdf/ORM2_TechReport1.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Halpin, T., & Morgan, T.",
       "year": "2008",
       "title": "Information Modeling and Relational Databases, 2nd ed.",
       "venue": "Morgan Kaufmann",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Halpin, T.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Object-Role Modeling Fundamentals: A Practical Guide to Data Modeling with ORM",
       "venue": "Technics Publications",
       "url": "https://technicspub.com/object-role-modeling-fundamentals/",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Halpin, T.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "orm.net (ORM resource site)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.orm.net/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Ontology Design Patterns",
     "summary": "A practice of cataloging reusable, named ontology-modeling solutions, with the eXtreme Design pattern-based development methodology.",
     "originators": [
      "Aldo Gangemi",
      "Valentina Presutti"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "mid-2000s–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Gangemi, A., & Presutti, V.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Ontology Design Patterns",
       "venue": "Handbook on Ontologies, 2nd ed., Springer",
       "url": "https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227215903_Ontology_Design_Patterns",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Presutti, V., Daga, E., Gangemi, A., & Blomqvist, E.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "eXtreme Design with Content Ontology Design Patterns",
       "venue": "Workshop on Ontology Patterns (WOP 2009), CEUR-WS Vol. 516",
       "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2889761.2889768",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gangemi, A.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Ontology Design Patterns for Semantic Web Content",
       "venue": "ISWC 2005",
       "url": "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Ontology-Design-Patterns-for-Semantic-Web-Content-Gangemi/edfd5f6d75f337ec2d3a84ef691b929e27e65019",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hitzler, P., Gangemi, A., Janowicz, K., Krisnadhi, A., & Presutti, V. (eds.)",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Ontology Engineering with Ontology Design Patterns: Foundations and Applications",
       "venue": "IOS Press",
       "url": "https://ebooks.iospress.nl/volume/ontology-engineering-with-ontology-design-patterns-foundations-and-applications",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Blomqvist, E., et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Ontology Patterns: Clarifying Concepts and Terminology",
       "venue": "CEUR-WS Vol. 1188",
       "url": "https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1188/paper_11.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ontology Design Patterns community",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Ontology Design Patterns portal",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 9,
   "id": "authority-and-norms",
   "title": "Authority, norms and formal governance",
   "layer": "What an organization is and how it is governed",
   "summary": "The formal grounding of obligation, rights, delegation and the rules for changing rules.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Deontic Logic & Normative Systems",
     "summary": "Modal logic of obligation, permission and prohibition, including contrary-to-duty structures and norm-conflict resolution.",
     "originators": [
      "Georg Henrik von Wright",
      "Roderick Chisholm"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1951 (von Wright) – present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "von Wright, G.H.",
       "year": "1951",
       "title": "Deontic Logic",
       "venue": "Mind, 60(237)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Chisholm, R.M.",
       "year": "1963",
       "title": "Contrary-to-Duty Imperatives and Deontic Logic",
       "venue": "Analysis, 24(2)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Speech-Act Theory & Commitment-Based Interaction",
     "summary": "Theory that utterances perform actions, extended into a request/promise/perform/declare cycle for organizational coordination.",
     "originators": [
      "J.L. Austin",
      "John Searle",
      "Terry Winograd",
      "Fernando Flores"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1962 (Austin) – 1986 (Winograd & Flores) – present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Austin, J.L.",
       "year": "1962",
       "title": "How to Do Things with Words",
       "venue": "Oxford: Clarendon Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Searle, J.R.",
       "year": "1969",
       "title": "Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Searle, J.R.",
       "year": "1975",
       "title": "A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts",
       "venue": "Language, Mind, and Knowledge (reprinted 1976)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Winograd, T. & Flores, F.",
       "year": "1986",
       "title": "Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design",
       "venue": "Ablex",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Winograd, T.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "A Language/Action Perspective on the Design of Cooperative Work",
       "venue": "Stanford HCI Group",
       "url": "https://hci.stanford.edu/winograd/papers/language-action.html",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Medina-Mora, R., Winograd, T., et al.",
       "year": "1992",
       "title": "The Action Workflow Approach to Workflow Management Technology",
       "venue": "Proceedings of CSCW 1992",
       "url": "https://www.lri.fr/~mbl/ENS/CSCW/material/papers/MedinaMora-CSCW92.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Hohfeldian Analysis of Rights",
     "summary": "Eight-part scheme of correlative and opposite legal incidents that disambiguates what a right or authority actually confers.",
     "originators": [
      "Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1913–1917 (Hohfeld) – present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Hohfeld, W.N.",
       "year": "1913",
       "title": "Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning",
       "venue": "Yale Law Journal, 23(1)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hohfeld, W.N.",
       "year": "1917",
       "title": "Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning: II",
       "venue": "Yale Law Journal, 26(8)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hohfeld, W.N.",
       "year": "1919/1923",
       "title": "Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays (ed. W.W. Cook)",
       "venue": "Yale University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Constitutional Design & Governance",
     "summary": "Theory of rules about making and changing rules, from Hart's primary and secondary rules to Buchanan's constitutional economics and corporate charters.",
     "originators": [
      "H.L.A. Hart",
      "James M. Buchanan"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1961 (Hart) / 1986 Nobel (Buchanan) – present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Hart, H.L.A.",
       "year": "1961",
       "title": "The Concept of Law (2nd ed. 1994)",
       "venue": "Oxford: Clarendon Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Buchanan, J.M.",
       "year": "1986",
       "title": "Prize Lecture: The Constitution of Economic Policy",
       "venue": "Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences 1986",
       "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1986/buchanan/lecture/",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Buchanan, J.M. & Tullock, G.",
       "year": "1962",
       "title": "The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy",
       "venue": "University of Michigan Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Delegation and Authority Theory (Academic)",
     "summary": "Subsidiarity as a placement test for authority, plus principal-agent analysis of delegation chains and the delegation-accountability relationship.",
     "originators": [
      "Pope Pius XI",
      "Moravcsik"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1931 (subsidiarity) – 1990s (principal-agent delegation chains) – present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "European Union",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "Treaty on European Union, Article 5 (Principle of Subsidiarity), as amended by the Treaty of Lisbon",
       "venue": "European Union",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Pope Pius XI",
       "year": "1931",
       "title": "Quadragesimo Anno",
       "venue": "Catholic social teaching encyclical",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Moravcsik, A.",
       "year": "1993",
       "title": "Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach",
       "venue": "Journal of Common Market Studies, 31(4)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Norm Emergence and Evolution",
     "summary": "Convention theory and multi-agent simulation models of how norms arise, spread and are enforced without central design.",
     "originators": [
      "David Lewis"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1969 (Lewis) – 2000s–present (MAS)",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Lewis, D.K.",
       "year": "1969",
       "title": "Convention: A Philosophical Study (reissued Blackwell, 2002)",
       "venue": "Harvard University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Savarimuthu, B.T.R. & Cranefield, S.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Norm creation, spreading and emergence: A survey of simulation models of norms in multi-agent systems",
       "venue": "Multiagent and Grid Systems, 7(1)",
       "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3233/MGS-2011-0167",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Mahmoud, S. et al.",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "Norm emergence in multiagent systems: a viewpoint paper",
       "venue": "Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 34(1)",
       "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10458-019-09422-0",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 10,
   "id": "requirements-and-behavioral-contracts",
   "title": "Requirements and behavioral contracts",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "Stating what is required without saying how, and refinement as the test of whether a mechanism satisfies it.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Zave & Jackson Reference Model (W, S, R)",
     "summary": "Requirements-engineering model separating world assumptions, requirements and specification, with satisfaction defined as the entailment S, W ⊢ R.",
     "originators": [
      "Pamela Zave",
      "Michael Jackson",
      "Carl A. Gunter",
      "Elsa L. Gunter"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1997-2001",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Zave, P. & Jackson, M.",
       "year": "1997",
       "title": "Four Dark Corners of Requirements Engineering",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 6(1)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/237432.237434",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gunter, C.A., Gunter, E.L., Jackson, M. & Zave, P.",
       "year": "2000",
       "title": "A Reference Model for Requirements and Specifications",
       "venue": "IEEE Software, 17(3)",
       "url": "http://egunter.cs.illinois.edu/papers/ICRE2000.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Jackson, M.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "Problem Frames: Analysing and Structuring Software Development Problems",
       "venue": "Addison-Wesley",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "KAOS Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering",
     "summary": "Goal-oriented requirements method with achieve/maintain/avoid/cease modalities, AND/OR refinement, obstacle analysis and agent responsibility assignment.",
     "originators": [
      "Anne Dardenne",
      "Axel van Lamsweerde",
      "Stephen Fickas"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1993-2009",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Dardenne, A., van Lamsweerde, A. & Fickas, S.",
       "year": "1993",
       "title": "Goal-directed Requirements Acquisition",
       "venue": "Science of Computer Programming, 20(1–2)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6423(93)90021-G",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "van Lamsweerde, A.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering: A Guided Tour",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering (RE'01)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ISRE.2001.948567",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "van Lamsweerde, A.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Requirements Engineering: From System Goals to UML Models to Software Specifications",
       "venue": "Wiley",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "van Lamsweerde, A.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Goal-Driven Requirements Engineering: the KAOS Approach (project page)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://webperso.info.ucl.ac.be/~avl/gore.php",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "i* and Tropos",
     "summary": "Actor and dependency modeling of intentional social relationships with softgoal satisficing, extended by Tropos into an agent-oriented development methodology.",
     "originators": [
      "Eric Yu",
      "Paolo Bresciani",
      "Anna Perini",
      "Paolo Giorgini",
      "Fausto Giunchiglia",
      "John Mylopoulos"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1997-2004",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Yu, E.",
       "year": "1997",
       "title": "Towards Modelling and Reasoning Support for Early-Phase Requirements Engineering",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering (RE'97)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/ISRE.1997.566873",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Yu, E.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "Modelling Strategic Relationships for Process Reengineering",
       "venue": "PhD thesis, University of Toronto",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bresciani, P., Perini, A., Giorgini, P., Giunchiglia, F. & Mylopoulos, J.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Tropos: An Agent-Oriented Software Development Methodology",
       "venue": "Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, 8(3)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AGNT.0000018806.20944.ef",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "The i* Wiki community",
       "year": null,
       "title": "The i* Wiki (notation reference and community resource)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://istar.rwth-aachen.de/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Design by Contract",
     "summary": "Software-correctness discipline stating caller and callee obligations as preconditions, postconditions and invariants, with Liskov-Wing behavioral subtyping.",
     "originators": [
      "Bertrand Meyer",
      "Barbara Liskov",
      "Jeannette Wing"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1992-1994",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Meyer, B.",
       "year": "1992",
       "title": "Applying 'Design by Contract'",
       "venue": "IEEE Computer, 25(10)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/2.161279",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Meyer, B.",
       "year": "1997",
       "title": "Object-Oriented Software Construction (2nd ed.)",
       "venue": "Prentice Hall",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Liskov, B.H. & Wing, J.M.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "A Behavioral Notion of Subtyping",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 16(6)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/197320.197383",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "ECMA International",
       "year": null,
       "title": "ECMA-367: Eiffel: Analysis, Design and Programming Language",
       "venue": "ECMA International",
       "url": "https://www.ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-367/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Assume-Guarantee (A/G) Contracts",
     "summary": "Formalism-agnostic algebra of (assumption, guarantee) component contracts with refinement, composition, conjunction and quotient.",
     "originators": [
      "Martín Abadi",
      "Leslie Lamport",
      "Jayadev Misra",
      "K. Mani Chandy",
      "Albert Benveniste",
      "Benoît Caillaud",
      "Dejan Nickovic",
      "Roberto Passerone",
      "Jean-Baptiste Raclet",
      "Philipp Reinkemeier",
      "Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli",
      "Werner Damm",
      "Thomas A. Henzinger",
      "Kim G. Larsen"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1981-2018",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Benveniste, A., Caillaud, B., Nickovic, D., Passerone, R., Raclet, J.-B., Reinkemeier, P., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A., Damm, W., Henzinger, T.A. & Larsen, K.G.",
       "year": "2018",
       "title": "Contracts for System Design",
       "venue": "Foundations and Trends in Electronic Design Automation, 12(2–3)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1561/1000000053",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Abadi, M. & Lamport, L.",
       "year": "1993",
       "title": "Composing Specifications",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 15(1)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/151646.151649",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Misra, J. & Chandy, K.M.",
       "year": "1981",
       "title": "Proofs of Networks of Processes",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, SE-7(4)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1981.230844",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Refinement Calculus and Event-B",
     "summary": "Correctness-preserving stepwise derivation of programs and models from specifications, with Event-B's context, machine, invariant and event structure.",
     "originators": [
      "Ralph-Johan Back",
      "Joakim von Wright",
      "Carroll Morgan",
      "Jean-Raymond Abrial"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1990-2010",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Morgan, C.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "Programming from Specifications (2nd ed.)",
       "venue": "Prentice Hall International",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Back, R.-J. & von Wright, J.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "Refinement Calculus: A Systematic Introduction",
       "venue": "Springer",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1674-2",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Abrial, J.-R.",
       "year": "1996",
       "title": "The B-Book: Assigning Programs to Meanings",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Abrial, J.-R.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "Modeling in Event-B: System and Software Engineering",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Dijkstra, E.W.",
       "year": "1976",
       "title": "A Discipline of Programming",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Rodin Platform",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Rodin Platform (open-source Event-B toolset)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.event-b.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "TLA+ and Alloy",
     "summary": "Two lightweight formal-methods languages: TLA+ for temporal properties of behaviors and Alloy for bounded relational structure checking.",
     "originators": [
      "Leslie Lamport",
      "Daniel Jackson"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1994-2012",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Lamport, L.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "The Temporal Logic of Actions",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 16(3)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/177492.177726",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Lamport, L.",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "Specifying Systems: The TLA+ Language and Tools for Hardware and Software Engineers",
       "venue": "Addison-Wesley",
       "url": "https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/tla/book.html",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Jackson, D.",
       "year": "2012",
       "title": "Software Abstractions: Logic, Language, and Analysis (rev. ed.)",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Newcombe, C., Rath, T., Zhang, F., Munteanu, B., Brooker, M. & Deardeuff, M.",
       "year": "2015",
       "title": "How Amazon Web Services Uses Formal Methods",
       "venue": "Communications of the ACM, 58(4)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/2699417",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Informal Systems",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Apalache: a symbolic model checker for TLA+",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://apalache.informal.systems/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Temporal Logics: LTL, LTLf, and Runtime Verification",
     "summary": "Temporal-logic semantics for always/eventually/until constraints, adapted to finite process traces (LTLf) and online monitoring with multi-valued verdicts.",
     "originators": [
      "Amir Pnueli",
      "Giuseppe De Giacomo",
      "Moshe Y. Vardi",
      "Martin Leucker",
      "Christian Schallhart",
      "Edmund M. Clarke",
      "E. Allen Emerson",
      "Joseph Sifakis"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1977-2013",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Pnueli, A.",
       "year": "1977",
       "title": "The Temporal Logic of Programs",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), IEEE",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/SFCS.1977.32",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "De Giacomo, G. & Vardi, M.Y.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Linear Temporal Logic and Linear Dynamic Logic on Finite Traces",
       "venue": "Proceedings of IJCAI 2013",
       "url": "https://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/13/Papers/132.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Leucker, M. & Schallhart, C.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "A Brief Account of Runtime Verification",
       "venue": "Journal of Logic and Algebraic Programming, 78(5)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlap.2008.08.004",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Clarke, E.M. & Emerson, E.A.",
       "year": "1981",
       "title": "Design and Synthesis of Synchronization Skeletons Using Branching-Time Temporal Logic",
       "venue": "Logics of Programs, LNCS 131, Springer",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0025774",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Pesic, M. & van der Aalst, W.M.P.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "A Declarative Approach for Flexible Business Processes Management",
       "venue": "Business Process Management Workshops (BPM 2006), Springer",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 11,
   "id": "workflow-and-process-formalisms",
   "title": "Workflow and process formalisms",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "Execution semantics for work, and the evidence that workflow need not be a primitive.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Petri Nets & Workflow Nets",
     "summary": "Token, place and transition formalism for concurrent systems, specialized into workflow nets with a decidable soundness criterion and process mining.",
     "originators": [
      "Carl Adam Petri",
      "Wil van der Aalst"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1962 (Petri nets); 1998 (workflow nets)",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Petri, C.A.",
       "year": "1962",
       "title": "Kommunikation mit Automaten",
       "venue": "PhD dissertation, University of Bonn",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Petri, C.A.",
       "year": "1966",
       "title": "Communication with Automata (RADC-TR-65-377)",
       "venue": "Rome Air Development Center",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "van der Aalst, W.M.P.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "The Application of Petri Nets to Workflow Management",
       "venue": "The Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, 8(1)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218126698000043",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "van der Aalst, W.M.P.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Process Mining: Discovery, Conformance and Enhancement of Business Processes (2nd ed. 2016)",
       "venue": "Springer",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "van der Aalst, W.M.P., van Hee, K.M., ter Hofstede, A.H.M., Sidorova, N., Verbeek, H.M.W., Voorhoeve, M., Wynn, M.T.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Soundness of workflow nets: classification, decidability, and analysis",
       "venue": "Formal Aspects of Computing, 23(3)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "IEEE Task Force on Process Mining",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Process Mining Manifesto",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Workflow Patterns",
     "summary": "Empirically mined, vendor-neutral catalog of control-flow patterns with companion data, resource and exception catalogs, used as an expressiveness benchmark.",
     "originators": [
      "Wil van der Aalst",
      "Arthur ter Hofstede",
      "Bartek Kiepuszewski",
      "Alistair Barros"
     ],
     "steward": "Eindhoven University of Technology and Queensland University of Technology",
     "era": "2003, extended through 2000s-2010s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "van der Aalst, W.M.P., ter Hofstede, A.H.M., Kiepuszewski, B., Barros, A.P.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "Workflow Patterns",
       "venue": "Distributed and Parallel Databases, 14(1)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022883727209",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Russell, N., ter Hofstede, A.H.M., Edmond, D., van der Aalst, W.M.P.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Workflow Resource Patterns: Identification, Representation and Tool Support",
       "venue": "CAiSE 2005, LNCS 3520",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Russell, N., ter Hofstede, A.H.M., Edmond, D., van der Aalst, W.M.P.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Workflow Data Patterns",
       "venue": "BPM/CAiSE technical reports and conference papers",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Russell, N., ter Hofstede, A.H.M., Edmond, D., van der Aalst, W.M.P.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Workflow Exception Patterns",
       "venue": "BPM/CAiSE technical reports and conference papers",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Workflow Patterns Initiative",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Workflow Patterns Initiative home and full bibliography",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "http://www.workflowpatterns.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "BPMN, DMN & CMMN",
     "summary": "OMG standards trio for imperative business process (BPMN), decision logic (DMN) and adaptive case management (CMMN).",
     "originators": [
      "Object Management Group (OMG)"
     ],
     "steward": "Object Management Group (OMG)",
     "era": "BPMN 2.0 (2011); DMN 1.0-1.3 (2015-2021); CMMN 1.1 (2016)",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "OMG",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), Version 2.0 (formal/2011-01-03)",
       "venue": "Object Management Group",
       "url": "https://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OMG",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN), Version 2.0.2",
       "venue": "Object Management Group",
       "url": "https://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0.2/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OMG",
       "year": "2015–2021",
       "title": "Decision Model and Notation (DMN), Versions 1.0–1.3",
       "venue": "Object Management Group",
       "url": "https://www.omg.org/spec/DMN/1.3/PDF",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "OMG",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Case Management Model and Notation (CMMN), Version 1.1",
       "venue": "Object Management Group",
       "url": "https://www.omg.org/spec/CMMN/1.1/PDF",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Declare & Declarative Process Models",
     "summary": "Constraint-based, LTL-grounded process language in which everything not forbidden is allowed.",
     "originators": [
      "Maja Pesic",
      "Wil van der Aalst"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2006-2009, active research through 2020s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Pesic, M., van der Aalst, W.M.P.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "A Declarative Approach for Flexible Business Processes Management",
       "venue": "BPM 2006 Workshops, LNCS 4103",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/11837862_18",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "van der Aalst, W.M.P., Pesic, M., Schonenberg, H.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Declarative workflows: Balancing between flexibility and support",
       "venue": "Computer Science – Research and Development, 23(2)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Pesic, M.",
       "year": "2008",
       "title": "Constraint-Based Workflow Management Systems: Shifting Control to Users",
       "venue": "PhD thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Declare research and tooling",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Declare research/tooling home",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://ais.win.tue.nl/declare/research/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "DCR Graphs (Dynamic Condition Response Graphs)",
     "summary": "Declarative event formalism built on condition, response, include, exclude and milestone relations, with distributed execution and industrial deployment.",
     "originators": [
      "Thomas Hildebrandt",
      "Raghava Rao Mukkamala",
      "Exformatics"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2010, active industrial deployment through 2020s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Hildebrandt, T.T., Mukkamala, R.R.",
       "year": "2010/2011",
       "title": "Declarative Event-Based Workflow as Distributed Dynamic Condition Response Graphs",
       "venue": "Proceedings PLACES 2010, EPTCS 69",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.4204/EPTCS.69.5",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hildebrandt, T.T., Mukkamala, R.R., Slaats, T.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Nested Dynamic Condition Response Graphs",
       "venue": "FSEN 2011 (published 2012), LNCS 7141",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Mukkamala, R.R., Hildebrandt, T.T., Slaats, T.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Exformatics Declarative Case Management Workflows as DCR Graphs",
       "venue": "BPM 2013, LNCS 8094",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "DCR Solutions",
       "year": null,
       "title": "DCR Graphs / DCR Solutions project home and publication list",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.dcrgraphs.net/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Artifact-Centric Processes & Guard-Stage-Milestone (GSM)",
     "summary": "Process modeling around durable business records, with the sentry-gated Guard-Stage-Milestone lifecycle that became the basis of CMMN.",
     "originators": [
      "Anil Nigam",
      "Noah Caswell",
      "Richard Hull"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2003 (artifacts); 2010-2011 (GSM)",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Nigam, A., Caswell, N.S.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "Business artifacts: An approach to operational specification",
       "venue": "IBM Systems Journal, 42(3)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1147/sj.423.0428",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hull, R., Damaggio, E., Fournier, F., Gupta, M., Heath III, F.T., Hobson, S., Linehan, M., Maradugu, S., Nigam, A., Sukaviriya, P., Vaculín, R.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "A Formal Introduction to Business Artifacts with Guard-Stage-Milestone Lifecycles",
       "venue": "WS-FM 2010 workshop",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hull, R., Damaggio, E., De Masellis, R., Fournier, F., Gupta, M., Heath III, F.T., Hobson, S., Linehan, M., Maradugu, S., Nigam, A., Sukaviriya, P., Vaculín, R.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Business Artifacts with Guard-Stage-Milestone Lifecycles: Managing Artifact Interactions with Conditions and Events",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems (DEBS 2011)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/2002259.2002270",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Sagas & Compensation",
     "summary": "Long-running transactions split into sub-transactions paired with compensating actions, now productized as durable execution.",
     "originators": [
      "Hector Garcia-Molina",
      "Kenneth Salem"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1987, re-popularized 2010s-2020s (microservices/durable execution)",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Garcia-Molina, H., Salem, K.",
       "year": "1987",
       "title": "Sagas",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 1987 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/38713.38742",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Commitment-Based Protocols",
     "summary": "Interaction modeled as directed debtor-creditor commitments with a full lifecycle, from which process ordering is derived.",
     "originators": [
      "Munindar P. Singh",
      "Paolo Yolum",
      "Amit K. Chopra"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1999-2011, active research through 2020s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Singh, M.P.",
       "year": "1999",
       "title": "An Ontology for Commitments in Multiagent Systems: Semantics and Pragmatics",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence and Law, 7(1)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008319631231",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Yolum, P., Singh, M.P.",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "Flexible Protocol Specification and Execution: Applying Event Calculus Planning Using Commitments",
       "venue": "Proceedings of AAMAS 2002",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Chopra, A.K., Singh, M.P.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Multiagent Commitment Alignment",
       "venue": "Proceedings of AAMAS 2009",
       "url": "https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1558013.1558143",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Singh, M.P.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Information-Driven Interaction-Oriented Programming: BSPL, the Blindingly Simple Protocol Language",
       "venue": "Proceedings of AAMAS 2011",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Winograd, T., Flores, F.",
       "year": "1986",
       "title": "Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design",
       "venue": "Ablex Publishing",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 12,
   "id": "provenance-and-persistence",
   "title": "Provenance and persistence",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "History that lasts decades: what is canonical, what is derived, and what was believed when.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "W3C PROV (PROV-DM, PROV-O, PROV-CONSTRAINTS, PROV-N)",
     "summary": "W3C family of specifications for interchanging provenance as entities, activities and agents, with constraints and a successor lineage from the Open Provenance Model.",
     "originators": [
      "W3C Provenance Working Group",
      "Luc Moreau",
      "Paolo Missier"
     ],
     "steward": "W3C",
     "era": "2013 (W3C Recommendation); OPM lineage 2006-2011",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Moreau, L., Missier, P. (eds.) et al.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-dm/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Lebo, T., Sahoo, S., McGuinness, D. (eds.) et al.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "PROV-O: The PROV Ontology",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Cheney, J., Missier, P., Moreau, L. et al.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Constraints of the PROV Data Model",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-constraints/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Moreau, L., Missier, P. et al.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "PROV-N: The Provenance Notation",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-n/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Moreau, L., Clifford, B., Freire, J., Futrelle, J., Gil, Y., Groth, P., Kwasnikowska, N., Miles, S., Missier, P., Myers, J., Plale, B., Simmhan, Y., Stephan, E., Van den Bussche, J.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "The Open Provenance Model core specification (v1.1)",
       "venue": "Future Generation Computer Systems, 27(6)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2010.07.005",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Nanopublications",
     "summary": "Minimal, independently citable assertions bundled with their own provenance and publication metadata, identified by content-hash trusty URIs.",
     "originators": [
      "Paul Groth",
      "Andrew Gibson",
      "Jan Velterop",
      "Tobias Kuhn"
     ],
     "steward": "nanopublications community (nanopub.org)",
     "era": "2010-2016, actively maintained",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Groth, P., Gibson, A., Velterop, J.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "The anatomy of a nanopublication",
       "venue": "Information Services and Use, 30(1–2)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.3233/ISU-2010-0613",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kuhn, T., Dumontier, M.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "Trusty URIs: Verifiable, Immutable, and Permanent Digital Artifacts for Linked Data",
       "venue": "Proceedings of ESWC 2014",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5775",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kuhn, T., Chichester, C., Krauthammer, M., Queralt-Rosinach, N., Verborgh, R., Giannakopoulos, G., Ngonga Ngomo, A.-C., Viglianti, R., Dumontier, M.",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Decentralized provenance-aware publishing with nanopublications",
       "venue": "PeerJ Computer Science, 2:e78",
       "url": "https://peerj.com/articles/cs-78/",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kuhn, T. et al.",
       "year": "2015",
       "title": "Making Digital Artifacts on the Web Verifiable and Reliable",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 27(9)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2015.2419657",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Event Sourcing, CQRS, and Immutability",
     "summary": "Architectural pattern deriving all state from an append-only log of immutable events, with separate read-model projections.",
     "originators": [
      "Martin Fowler",
      "Greg Young",
      "Pat Helland",
      "Jay Kreps"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2005-2015, industry-standard practice ongoing",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Fowler, M.",
       "year": "c. 2005",
       "title": "Event Sourcing",
       "venue": "martinfowler.com, eaaDev catalog",
       "url": "https://martinfowler.com/eaaDev/EventSourcing.html",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Young, G.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "CQRS Documents",
       "venue": "Community-maintained",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Young, G.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "CQRS, Task Based UIs, Event Sourcing agh!",
       "venue": "Blog",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Helland, P.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Data on the Outside versus Data on the Inside",
       "venue": "Proceedings of CIDR 2005",
       "url": "https://www.cidrdb.org/cidr2005/papers/P12.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Helland, P.",
       "year": "2015",
       "title": "Immutability Changes Everything",
       "venue": "Proceedings of CIDR 2015; ACM Queue, 13(9)",
       "url": "https://www.cidrdb.org/cidr2015/Papers/CIDR15_Paper16.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kreps, J.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "The Log: What every software engineer should know about real-time data's unifying abstraction",
       "venue": "LinkedIn Engineering Blog",
       "url": "https://engineering.linkedin.com/distributed-systems/log-what-every-software-engineer-should-know-about-real-time-datas-unifying",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Bitemporal Data Modeling",
     "summary": "Database theory of tracking valid time and transaction time for every fact, standardized in part by SQL:2011.",
     "originators": [
      "Richard T. Snodgrass",
      "Ilsoo Ahn",
      "Christian S. Jensen",
      "TSQL2 committee"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1985-2011, implementations ongoing",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Snodgrass, R., Ahn, I.",
       "year": "1985",
       "title": "A Taxonomy of Time in Databases",
       "venue": "ACM SIGMOD Record, 14(3)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Jensen, C.S., Snodgrass, R.T.",
       "year": "1999",
       "title": "Temporal Data Management",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 11(1)",
       "url": "https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/~rts/pubs/TKDEJan99.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Snodgrass, R.T. (ed.) et al.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language",
       "venue": "Kluwer Academic Publishers",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "ISO/IEC",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "ISO/IEC 9075:2011, Information technology — Database languages — SQL (SQL:2011), Part 2",
       "venue": "ISO/IEC",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kulkarni, K., Michels, J.-E.",
       "year": "2012",
       "title": "Temporal features in SQL:2011",
       "venue": "ACM SIGMOD Record, 41(3)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Content Addressing and Merkle Structures",
     "summary": "Identifying data by cryptographic hash of its content, using Merkle trees and logs for tamper-evidence and independent verification.",
     "originators": [
      "Ralph Merkle",
      "Linus Torvalds",
      "Juan Benet",
      "Ben Laurie",
      "Adam Langley",
      "Emilia Kasper"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1987-2014, in continuous large-scale production use",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Merkle, R.C.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function",
       "venue": "Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO '87, LNCS 293, Springer",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Benet, J.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "IPFS - Content Addressed, Versioned, P2P File System",
       "venue": "arXiv:1407.3561",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1407.3561",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Laurie, B., Langley, A., Kasper, E.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Certificate Transparency (RFC 6962)",
       "venue": "IETF",
       "url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6962.html",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Torvalds, L. et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Git Internals - Git Objects",
       "venue": "git-scm.com",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "OAIS and Digital Preservation Standards",
     "summary": "ISO digital-preservation reference model for keeping information independently understandable for a designated community, with PREMIS, ISO 15489 and ISO 15926.",
     "originators": [
      "CCSDS",
      "Library of Congress (PREMIS)",
      "ISO"
     ],
     "steward": "CCSDS (OAIS); Library of Congress (PREMIS); ISO TC46 (ISO 15489); ISO TC184 (ISO 15926)",
     "era": "2001-2016 core editions, actively maintained (latest OAIS edition 2025)",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "CCSDS",
       "year": "2012",
       "title": "Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS), CCSDS 650.0-M-2; ISO 14721:2012",
       "venue": "CCSDS / ISO",
       "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/57284.html",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "PREMIS Editorial Committee",
       "year": "2015",
       "title": "PREMIS Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata, Version 3.0",
       "venue": "Library of Congress",
       "url": "https://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/v3/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "ISO",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "ISO 15489-1:2016, Information and documentation — Records management — Part 1: Concepts and principles",
       "venue": "ISO",
       "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/62542.html",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "ISO",
       "year": null,
       "title": "ISO 15926, Industrial automation systems and integration — Integration of life-cycle data for process plants including oil and gas production facilities",
       "venue": "ISO",
       "url": "https://www.iso.org/standard/29557.html",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Schema and Ontology Evolution",
     "summary": "Vocabulary and compatibility rules for changing schemas and ontologies without losing the ability to read or reason over older data.",
     "originators": [
      "John F. Roddick",
      "Natalya F. Noy",
      "Michel Klein",
      "Apache Avro",
      "Google (Protocol Buffers)",
      "W3C OWL Working Group"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1995-2004 foundational research; Avro/Protobuf/OWL 2 practice ongoing",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Roddick, J.F.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "A survey of schema versioning issues for database systems",
       "venue": "Information and Software Technology, 37(7)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-5849(95)91494-K",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Noy, N.F., Klein, M.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Ontology Evolution: Not the Same as Schema Evolution",
       "venue": "Knowledge and Information Systems, 6(4)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-003-0137-2",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Confluent, Inc.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Schema Evolution and Compatibility",
       "venue": "Confluent Platform Documentation",
       "url": "https://docs.confluent.io/platform/current/schema-registry/fundamentals/schema-evolution.html",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Google",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Protocol Buffers Language Guide",
       "venue": "protobuf.dev",
       "url": "https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/proto3/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "W3C OWL Working Group",
       "year": "2012",
       "title": "OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (2nd edition)",
       "venue": "W3C",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-overview/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 13,
   "id": "knowledge-evidence-and-uncertainty",
   "title": "Knowledge, evidence and uncertainty",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "Claims with status and evidence, contradiction, the unknown, and time.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Belnap's Four-Valued Logic (FDE / BL4)",
     "summary": "A paraconsistent logic with four truth values (true, false, both, neither) that lets a system combine reports from multiple, possibly conflicting or silent sources without collapsing into triviality.",
     "originators": [
      "Nuel D. Belnap Jr.",
      "J. Michael Dunn"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1976-1977",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Belnap, N. D.",
       "year": "1977",
       "title": "A Useful Four-Valued Logic",
       "venue": "In J. M. Dunn & G. Epstein (eds.), Modern Uses of Multiple-Valued Logic, pp. 8–37. Dordrecht: D. Reidel",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1161-7_2",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Belnap, N. D.",
       "year": "1977",
       "title": "How a Computer Should Think",
       "venue": "In G. Ryle (ed.), Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, pp. 30–56. Oxford: Oriel Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Dunn, J. M.",
       "year": "1976",
       "title": "Intuitive Semantics for First-Degree Entailments and 'Coupled Trees'",
       "venue": "Philosophical Studies, 29, 149–168",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ginsberg, M. L.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "Multivalued Logics: A Uniform Approach to Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence",
       "venue": "Computational Intelligence, 4(3), 265–316",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Fitting, M.",
       "year": "1991",
       "title": "Bilattices and the Semantics of Logic Programming",
       "venue": "Journal of Logic Programming, 11(2), 91–116",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Omori, H., & Wansing, H.",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "40 years of FDE: An Introductory Overview",
       "venue": "Studia Logica, 105(6), 1021–1049",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "AGM Belief Revision Theory",
     "summary": "A formal theory of rational belief change giving postulates and representation theorems for expansion, contraction and revision of a belief set or base.",
     "originators": [
      "Carlos E. Alchourrón",
      "Peter Gärdenfors",
      "David Makinson"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1985",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Alchourrón, C. E., Gärdenfors, P., & Makinson, D.",
       "year": "1985",
       "title": "On the Logic of Theory Change: Partial Meet Contraction and Revision Functions",
       "venue": "The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 50(2), 510–530",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2274239",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gärdenfors, P.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "Knowledge in Flux: Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gärdenfors, P., & Makinson, D.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "Revisions of Knowledge Systems Using Epistemic Entrenchment",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Knowledge (TARK), pp. 83–95",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Darwiche, A., & Pearl, J.",
       "year": "1997",
       "title": "On the Logic of Iterated Belief Revision",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 89(1–2), 1–29",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(96)00038-0",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hansson, S. O.",
       "year": "1999",
       "title": "A Textbook of Belief Dynamics: Theory Change and Database Updating",
       "venue": "Dordrecht: Kluwer",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Epistemic Logic and the Runs-and-Systems Model",
     "summary": "Modal logics of knowledge and belief, with a runs-and-systems semantics that grounds what an agent knows at a time in its recorded local state.",
     "originators": [
      "Jaakko Hintikka",
      "Ronald Fagin",
      "Joseph Halpern",
      "Yoram Moses",
      "Moshe Vardi"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1962; 1995",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Hintikka, J.",
       "year": "1962",
       "title": "Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions",
       "venue": "Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Fagin, R., Halpern, J. Y., Moses, Y., & Vardi, M. Y.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "Reasoning About Knowledge",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": "https://www.cs.rice.edu/~vardi/papers/book.pdf",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Halpern, J. Y., & Moses, Y.",
       "year": "1990",
       "title": "Knowledge and Common Knowledge in a Distributed Environment",
       "venue": "Journal of the ACM, 37(3), 549–587",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Fagin, R., & Halpern, J. Y.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "Belief, Awareness, and Limited Reasoning",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 34(1), 39–76",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "van Ditmarsch, H., van der Hoek, W., & Kooi, B.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "Dynamic Epistemic Logic",
       "venue": "Dordrecht: Springer (Synthese Library vol. 337)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Dempster–Shafer Theory and Subjective Logic",
     "summary": "Calculi of belief functions and graded opinions that make the amount of genuine ignorance an explicit, quantified part of a claim's status and support trust propagation.",
     "originators": [
      "Arthur Dempster",
      "Glenn Shafer",
      "Audun Jøsang"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1967-1976; 2016",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Dempster, A. P.",
       "year": "1967",
       "title": "Upper and Lower Probabilities Induced by a Multivalued Mapping",
       "venue": "The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 38(2), 325–339",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177698950",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Shafer, G.",
       "year": "1976",
       "title": "A Mathematical Theory of Evidence",
       "venue": "Princeton University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Zadeh, L. A.",
       "year": "1984",
       "title": "Review of A Mathematical Theory of Evidence",
       "venue": "AI Magazine, 5(3), 81–83",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v5i3.452",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Jøsang, A.",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Subjective Logic: A Formalism for Reasoning Under Uncertainty",
       "venue": "Springer (Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Theory, and Algorithms)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42337-1",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Yager, R. R.",
       "year": "1987",
       "title": "On the Dempster-Shafer Framework and New Combination Rules",
       "venue": "Information Sciences, 41(2), 93–137",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Argumentation Frameworks (Abstract, Structured, and Toulmin)",
     "summary": "Attack-graph formalisms (Dung, ASPIC+) and a practical argument layout (Toulmin) that compute which claims are justified, rejected or undecided when claims conflict.",
     "originators": [
      "Phan Minh Dung",
      "Sanjay Modgil",
      "Henry Prakken",
      "Stephen Toulmin"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1958; 1995; 2013",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Dung, P. M.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "On the Acceptability of Arguments and Its Fundamental Role in Nonmonotonic Reasoning, Logic Programming and n-Person Games",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 77(2), 321–357",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)00041-X",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Modgil, S., & Prakken, H.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "A General Account of Argumentation with Preferences",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 195, 361–397",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2012.10.008",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Modgil, S., & Prakken, H.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "The ASPIC+ Framework for Structured Argumentation: A Tutorial",
       "venue": "Argument & Computation, 5(1), 31–62",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Toulmin, S. E.",
       "year": "1958",
       "title": "The Uses of Argument",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Caminada, M., & Amgoud, L.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "On the Evaluation of Argumentation Formalisms",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 171(5–6), 286–310",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Assurance Cases: GSN and OMG SACM",
     "summary": "Structured claim-argument-evidence notations (GSN) and an interchange metamodel (SACM) for arguing that a system satisfies a requirement in a stated context.",
     "originators": [
      "Tim Kelly",
      "Object Management Group"
     ],
     "steward": "Assurance Case Working Group, Safety-Critical Systems Club (GSN); Object Management Group (SACM)",
     "era": "1998; 2013-present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kelly, T. P.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "Arguing Safety – A Systematic Approach to Managing Safety Cases",
       "venue": "PhD thesis, University of York (Department of Computer Science)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Assurance Case Working Group, Safety-Critical Systems Club",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "GSN Community Standard, Version 3 (Version 2 was January 2018)",
       "venue": "Safety-Critical Systems Club",
       "url": "https://scsc.uk/gsn",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Object Management Group",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Structured Assurance Case Metamodel (SACM), versions 1.0–2.3",
       "venue": "OMG",
       "url": "https://www.omg.org/spec/SACM/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bloomfield, R., & Bishop, P.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "Safety and Assurance Cases: Past, Present and Possible Future – an Adelard Perspective",
       "venue": "Advances in Systems Safety (Proc. Nineteenth Safety-Critical Systems Symposium), pp. 51–67. London: Springer",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-086-1_4",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Rushby, J.",
       "year": "2015",
       "title": "The Interpretation and Evaluation of Assurance Cases",
       "venue": "Technical Report SRI-CSL-15-01, SRI International",
       "url": "https://www.csl.sri.com/~rushby/papers/sri-csl-15-1-assurance-cases.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Event Calculus and Interval-Based Temporal Reasoning",
     "summary": "Logic-based formalisms for events, time-varying facts and temporal intervals that compute what held at a time from a recorded narrative.",
     "originators": [
      "Robert Kowalski",
      "Marek Sergot",
      "James Allen",
      "Raymond Reiter"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1969; 1983; 1986; 2001",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kowalski, R., & Sergot, M.",
       "year": "1986",
       "title": "A Logic-Based Calculus of Events",
       "venue": "New Generation Computing, 4(1), 67–95",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03037383",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Allen, J. F.",
       "year": "1983",
       "title": "Maintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals",
       "venue": "Communications of the ACM, 26(11), 832–843",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/182.358434",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "McCarthy, J., & Hayes, P. J.",
       "year": "1969",
       "title": "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence",
       "venue": "Machine Intelligence, 4, 463–502",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Reiter, R.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "Knowledge in Action: Logical Foundations for Specifying and Implementing Dynamical Systems",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Artikis, A., Sergot, M., & Pitt, J.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Specifying Norm-Governed Computational Societies",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, 10(1), Article 1",
       "url": "https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mjs/publications/artikis-tocl.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Design Rationale: IBIS, gIBIS, DRL, QOC, and ADRs",
     "summary": "A family of methods for recording the issues, options and arguments behind a design decision, from IBIS through to lightweight architecture decision records.",
     "originators": [
      "Werner Kunz",
      "Horst Rittel",
      "Jeff Conklin",
      "Jintae Lee",
      "Allan MacLean",
      "Michael Nygard"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1970-1991; 2011",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kunz, W., & Rittel, H. W. J.",
       "year": "1970",
       "title": "Issues as Elements of Information Systems",
       "venue": "Working Paper No. 131, Center for Planning and Development Research, University of California, Berkeley",
       "url": "http://magrawal.myweb.usf.edu/phd/articles/ibis_wp_70.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Conklin, J., & Begeman, M. L.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "gIBIS: A Hypertext Tool for Exploratory Policy Discussion",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 6(4), 303–331",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Lee, J.",
       "year": "1991",
       "title": "Extending the Potts and Bruns Model for Recording Design Rationale",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), IEEE, pp. 114–125",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "MacLean, A., Young, R. M., Bellotti, V. M. E., & Moran, T. P.",
       "year": "1991",
       "title": "Questions, Options, and Criteria: Elements of Design Space Analysis",
       "venue": "Human–Computer Interaction, 6(3–4), 201–250",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0603&4_2",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Nygard, M.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Documenting Architecture Decisions",
       "venue": "Cognitect blog",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 14,
   "id": "planning-and-service-composition",
   "title": "Planning and service composition",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "Discovering, composing and selecting mechanisms that satisfy declared requirements.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Classical Planning: STRIPS, PDDL, PDDL2.1, PDDL3",
     "summary": "The state-transition planning formalism (STRIPS) and its standardized description language PDDL with extensions for time, resources, constraints and preferences.",
     "originators": [
      "Richard Fikes",
      "Nils Nilsson",
      "Drew McDermott",
      "Maria Fox",
      "Derek Long",
      "Alfonso Gerevini"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1971-2005",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Fikes, R. E., & Nilsson, N. J.",
       "year": "1971",
       "title": "STRIPS: A New Approach to the Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 2(3-4), 189–208",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(71)90010-5",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "McDermott, D., Ghallab, M., Howe, A., Knoblock, C., Ram, A., Veloso, M., Weld, D., & Wilkins, D.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "PDDL — The Planning Domain Definition Language",
       "venue": "Technical Report CVC TR-98-003/DCS TR-1165, Yale Center for Computational Vision and Control",
       "url": "https://www.isi.edu/results/publications/19837/pddl-the-planning-domain-definition-language-version-1-2/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Fox, M., & Long, D.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "PDDL2.1: An Extension to PDDL for Expressing Temporal Planning Domains",
       "venue": "Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 20, 61–124",
       "url": "https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/10352",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gerevini, A., & Long, D.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Plan Constraints and Preferences in PDDL3",
       "venue": "Technical Report R.T. 2005-08-47, University of Brescia",
       "url": "https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/3149/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gerevini, A., Haslum, P., Long, D., Saetti, A., & Dimopoulos, Y.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Deterministic Planning in the Fifth International Planning Competition: PDDL3 and Experimental Evaluation of the Planners",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 173(5-6), 619–668",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "HTN Planning and Goal Reasoning",
     "summary": "Hierarchical task network planning, which decomposes abstract tasks via a method library, together with the acting/monitoring loop and goal-driven autonomy for revising goals.",
     "originators": [
      "Kutluhan Erol",
      "James Hendler",
      "Dana Nau",
      "Malik Ghallab",
      "Paolo Traverso",
      "David W. Aha"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1994-2018",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Erol, K., Hendler, J., & Nau, D. S.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "HTN Planning: Complexity and Expressivity",
       "venue": "Proceedings of AAAI-94, 1123–1128",
       "url": "https://www.cs.umd.edu/~nau/papers/erol1994htn.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Erol, K., Hendler, J., & Nau, D. S.",
       "year": "1996",
       "title": "Complexity Results for HTN Planning",
       "venue": "Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 18(1), 69–93",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02136175",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Nau, D., Au, T.-C., Ilghami, O., Kuter, U., Murdock, J. W., Wu, D., & Yaman, F.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "SHOP2: An HTN Planning System",
       "venue": "Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 20, 379–404",
       "url": "https://jair.org/index.php/jair/article/view/10352",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ghallab, M., Nau, D., & Traverso, P.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Automated Planning: Theory and Practice",
       "venue": "Morgan Kaufmann",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ghallab, M., Nau, D., & Traverso, P.",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Automated Planning and Acting",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Aha, D. W.",
       "year": "2018",
       "title": "Goal Reasoning: Foundations, Emerging Applications, and Prospects",
       "venue": "AI Magazine, 39(2), 3–24",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v39i2.2800",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Semantic Web Services: OWL-S and WSMO",
     "summary": "Two early-2000s frameworks for describing web services with machine-interpretable semantics so software can discover, match and invoke them.",
     "originators": [
      "David Martin",
      "Dumitru Roman",
      "Dieter Fensel",
      "SRI International",
      "DERI"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2004-2005",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Martin, D., et al.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services",
       "venue": "W3C Member Submission",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/Submission/OWL-S/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Roman, D., Keller, U., Lausen, H., de Bruijn, J., Lara, R., Stollberg, M., Polleres, A., Feier, C., Bussler, C., & Fensel, D.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Web Service Modeling Ontology",
       "venue": "Applied Ontology, 1(1), 77–106",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Roman, D., et al.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO)",
       "venue": "W3C Member Submission",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/Submission/2005/SUBM-WSMO-20050603/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Paolucci, M., Kawamura, T., Payne, T. R., & Sycara, K.",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "Semantic Matching of Web Services Capabilities",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2002), LNCS 2342, 333–347",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48005-6_26",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kopecký, J., Vitvar, T., Bournez, C., & Farrell, J.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "SAWSDL: Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/sawsdl/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "QoS-Aware Service Composition",
     "summary": "Research on choosing among functionally equivalent candidate services to optimize end-to-end quality of service across a composed workflow.",
     "originators": [
      "Liangzhao Zeng",
      "Jinghai Rao",
      "Xiaomeng Su",
      "Marco Pistore",
      "Paolo Traverso",
      "Mohammad Alrifai",
      "Thomas Risse"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2004-2009",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Zeng, L., Benatallah, B., Ngu, A. H. H., Dumas, M., Kalagnanam, J., & Chang, H.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "QoS-Aware Middleware for Web Services Composition",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 30(5), 311–327",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2004.11",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Rao, J., & Su, X.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "A Survey of Automated Web Service Composition Methods",
       "venue": "In Semantic Web Services and Web Process Composition, LNCS 3387, 43–54",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30581-1_5",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Pistore, M., Traverso, P., Bertoli, P., & Marconi, A.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Automated Composition of Web Services by Planning in Asynchronous Domains",
       "venue": "Proceedings of ICAPS 2005",
       "url": "https://cdn.aaai.org/ICAPS/2005/ICAPS05-001.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Alrifai, M., & Risse, T.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Combining Global Optimization with Local Selection for Efficient QoS-Aware Service Composition",
       "venue": "Proceedings of WWW 2009, 881–890",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/1526709.1526828",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "SLA Frameworks: WS-Agreement, WSLA, SLAng",
     "summary": "Specification languages that make service-level agreements machine-readable, covering objectives, metrics, accountable parties and violation consequences.",
     "originators": [
      "Open Grid Forum",
      "Alain Andrieux",
      "Alexander Keller",
      "Heiko Ludwig",
      "James Skene",
      "Davide Lamanna",
      "Wolfgang Emmerich"
     ],
     "steward": "Open Grid Forum (WS-Agreement)",
     "era": "2003-2007",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Andrieux, A., Czajkowski, K., Dan, A., Keahey, K., Ludwig, H., Nakata, T., Pruyne, J., Rofrano, J., Tuecke, S., & Xu, M.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "Web Services Agreement Specification (WS-Agreement), GFD.107",
       "venue": "Open Grid Forum",
       "url": "https://www.ogf.org/documents/GFD.107.pdf",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Keller, A., & Ludwig, H.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "The WSLA Framework: Specifying and Monitoring Service Level Agreements for Web Services",
       "venue": "Journal of Network and Systems Management, 11(1), 57–81",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022445108617",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Skene, J., Lamanna, D. D., & Emmerich, W.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Precise Service Level Agreements",
       "venue": "Proceedings of ICSE 2004, 179–188",
       "url": "https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/717/1/9.9.4icse04.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Contract Net and Market-Based Allocation",
     "summary": "Distributed-AI approaches that allocate tasks among autonomous agents through announcements and bids, combinatorial auctions and market-clearing prices.",
     "originators": [
      "Reid G. Smith",
      "FIPA",
      "Tuomas Sandholm",
      "Michael Wellman"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1980-1993",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Smith, R. G.",
       "year": "1980",
       "title": "The Contract Net Protocol: High-Level Communication and Control in a Distributed Problem Solver",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-29(12), 1104–1113",
       "url": "https://www.reidgsmith.com/The_Contract_Net_Protocol_Dec-1980.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "FIPA",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "FIPA Contract Net Interaction Protocol Specification, SC00029",
       "venue": "FIPA",
       "url": "https://www.fipa.org/specs/fipa00029/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Sandholm, T.",
       "year": "1993",
       "title": "An Implementation of the Contract Net Protocol Based on Marginal Cost Calculations",
       "venue": "Proceedings of AAAI-93, 256–262",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Sandholm, T.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Optimal Winner Determination Algorithms",
       "venue": "In P. Cramton, Y. Shoham, & R. Steinberg (Eds.), Combinatorial Auctions (Chapter 14). MIT Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., & Steinberg, R. (Eds.)",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Combinatorial Auctions",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Wellman, M. P.",
       "year": "1993",
       "title": "A Market-Oriented Programming Environment and Its Application to Distributed Multicommodity Flow Problems",
       "venue": "Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 1, 1–23",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "TOSCA and Declarative Deployment",
     "summary": "An OASIS standard for describing cloud application topologies through typed node and relationship templates, requirements and capabilities, and lifecycle interfaces.",
     "originators": [
      "OASIS"
     ],
     "steward": "OASIS",
     "era": "2013-2020s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "OASIS",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications Version 1.0",
       "venue": "OASIS Standard",
       "url": "https://docs.oasis-open.org/tosca/TOSCA/v1.0/os/TOSCA-v1.0-os.html",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OASIS",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "TOSCA Simple Profile in YAML Version 1.3",
       "venue": "OASIS Committee Specification",
       "url": "https://docs.oasis-open.org/tosca/TOSCA-Simple-Profile-YAML/v1.3/TOSCA-Simple-Profile-YAML-v1.3.html",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OASIS",
       "year": null,
       "title": "TOSCA Version 2.0",
       "venue": "OASIS Committee Specification Draft",
       "url": "https://docs.oasis-open.org/tosca/TOSCA/v2.0/csd01/TOSCA-v2.0-csd01.html",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OASIS",
       "year": null,
       "title": "OASIS TOSCA Technical Committee homepage (specifications index)",
       "venue": "OASIS",
       "url": "https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=tosca",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Promise Theory",
     "summary": "A model of cooperation among autonomous agents built on the voluntary, unilateral promise, with independent assessment of whether promises are kept.",
     "originators": [
      "Mark Burgess",
      "Jan A. Bergstra"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1990s-2014",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Burgess, M., & Bergstra, J. A.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "Promise Theory: Principles and Applications (Vol. 1)",
       "venue": "CreateSpace / self-published",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Burgess, M.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Notes and papers on Promise Theory (ongoing research site)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "http://markburgess.org/promises.html",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Burgess, M.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Promise Theory method notes",
       "venue": "markburgess.org",
       "url": "http://markburgess.org/PromiseMethod.pdf",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Burgess, M.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "CFEngine project and documentation",
       "venue": "CFEngine",
       "url": "https://cfengine.com",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 15,
   "id": "economics-of-information-and-metareasoning",
   "title": "Economics of information and metareasoning",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "How much to spend on search, information, experiment and verification.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Value of Information / Decision Analysis (VoI, EVPI/EVSI, Influence Diagrams)",
     "summary": "Decision-theoretic calculus for what information is worth, using expected value of perfect and sample information and influence diagrams to show what is known before each choice.",
     "originators": [
      "Ronald A. Howard",
      "Howard Raiffa",
      "Robert Schlaifer"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1961-1966; influence diagrams 1980s-2005",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Howard, R. A.",
       "year": "1966",
       "title": "Information Value Theory",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, SSC-2(1), 22–26",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1966.300074",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Raiffa, H., & Schlaifer, R.",
       "year": "1961",
       "title": "Applied Statistical Decision Theory",
       "venue": "Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Howard, R. A., & Matheson, J. E. (Eds.)",
       "year": "1984",
       "title": "The Principles and Applications of Decision Analysis (2 vols.)",
       "venue": "Menlo Park, CA: Strategic Decisions Group",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Howard, R. A., & Matheson, J. E.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Influence Diagrams",
       "venue": "Decision Analysis, 2(3), 127–143",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/deca.1050.0020",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Howard, R. A.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "Decision Analysis: Practice and Promise",
       "venue": "Management Science, 34(6), 679–695",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.34.6.679",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Multi-Armed Bandits: Exploration/Exploitation (Gittins Index, UCB, Thompson Sampling)",
     "summary": "The theory of sequential allocation among options with learnable payoffs, with index and sampling policies that balance exploring and exploiting.",
     "originators": [
      "John C. Gittins",
      "Tze Leung Lai",
      "Herbert Robbins",
      "Peter Auer",
      "William R. Thompson"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1933-2011",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Gittins, J. C.",
       "year": "1979",
       "title": "Bandit Processes and Dynamic Allocation Indices",
       "venue": "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 41(2), 148–177",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1979.tb01068.x",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gittins, J. C.",
       "year": "1989",
       "title": "Multi-Armed Bandit Allocation Indices",
       "venue": "Wiley (2nd ed. 2011, with Glazebrook & Weber)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Lai, T. L., & Robbins, H.",
       "year": "1985",
       "title": "Asymptotically Efficient Adaptive Allocation Rules",
       "venue": "Advances in Applied Mathematics, 6(1), 4–22",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-8858(85)90002-8",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Auer, P., Cesa-Bianchi, N., & Fischer, P.",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "Finite-time Analysis of the Multiarmed Bandit Problem",
       "venue": "Machine Learning, 47, 235–256",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013689704352",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Thompson, W. R.",
       "year": "1933",
       "title": "On the Likelihood that One Unknown Probability Exceeds Another in View of the Evidence of Two Samples",
       "venue": "Biometrika, 25(3/4), 285–294",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2332286",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Chapelle, O., & Li, L.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "An Empirical Evaluation of Thompson Sampling",
       "venue": "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 24",
       "url": "https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4321-an-empirical-evaluation-of-thompson-sampling",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Li, L., Chu, W., Langford, J., & Schapire, R. E.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "A Contextual-Bandit Approach to Personalized News Article Recommendation",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '10), 661–670",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772758",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "March, J. G.",
       "year": "1991",
       "title": "Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning",
       "venue": "Organization Science, 2(1), 71–87",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.71",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Real Options Theory",
     "summary": "Applies option-pricing logic to irreversible investment under uncertainty, valuing the flexibility to defer, stage, expand or abandon.",
     "originators": [
      "Stewart C. Myers",
      "Avinash K. Dixit",
      "Robert S. Pindyck",
      "Lenos Trigeorgis"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1977-1996",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Myers, S. C.",
       "year": "1977",
       "title": "Determinants of Corporate Borrowing",
       "venue": "Journal of Financial Economics, 5(2), 147–175",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(77)90015-0",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Dixit, A. K., & Pindyck, R. S.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "Investment Under Uncertainty",
       "venue": "Princeton University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Trigeorgis, L.",
       "year": "1996",
       "title": "Real Options: Managerial Flexibility and Strategy in Resource Allocation",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bezos, J.",
       "year": "1997",
       "title": "1997 Letter to Shareholders",
       "venue": "Amazon.com",
       "url": "https://ir.aboutamazon.com/annual-reports-proxies-and-shareholder-letters/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bezos, J.",
       "year": "2015",
       "title": "2015 Letter to Shareholders",
       "venue": "Amazon.com",
       "url": "https://ir.aboutamazon.com/annual-reports-proxies-and-shareholder-letters/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Metareasoning and Bounded Optimality",
     "summary": "How a resource-limited agent should decide how much and what computation to perform before acting, via value of computation, bounded optimality and anytime algorithms.",
     "originators": [
      "Stuart Russell",
      "Eric Wefald",
      "Eric Horvitz",
      "Shlomo Zilberstein",
      "Herbert Simon"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1955-1996",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Russell, S., & Wefald, E.",
       "year": "1991",
       "title": "Principles of Metareasoning",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 49(1–3), 361–395",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(91)90015-C",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Russell, S., & Subramanian, D.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "Provably Bounded-Optimal Agents",
       "venue": "Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 2, 575–609",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.63",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Horvitz, E. J.",
       "year": "1987",
       "title": "Reasoning About Beliefs and Actions Under Computational Resource Constraints",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the Third Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI-87), 429–447",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.2759",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Horvitz, E. J.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "Reasoning Under Varying and Uncertain Resource Constraints",
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      },
      {
       "authors": "Zilberstein, S.",
       "year": "1996",
       "title": "Using Anytime Algorithms in Intelligent Systems",
       "venue": "AI Magazine, 17(3), 73–83",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v17i3.1232",
       "kind": "article",
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      },
      {
       "authors": "Simon, H. A.",
       "year": "1955",
       "title": "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice",
       "venue": "Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99–118",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/1884852",
       "kind": "article",
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      },
      {
       "authors": "Simon, H. A.",
       "year": "1956",
       "title": "Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment",
       "venue": "Psychological Review, 63(2), 129–138",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042769",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Sequential Decision Processes: MDPs and POMDPs",
     "summary": "Formal theory of optimal sequential decisions under uncertainty, including partially observable settings where the agent maintains a belief state.",
     "originators": [
      "Richard Bellman",
      "Martin Puterman",
      "Leslie Pack Kaelbling",
      "Michael Littman",
      "Anthony Cassandra"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1957-1998",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Bellman, R.",
       "year": "1957",
       "title": "Dynamic Programming",
       "venue": "Princeton University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
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      },
      {
       "authors": "Bellman, R.",
       "year": "1957",
       "title": "A Markovian Decision Process",
       "venue": "Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, 6(5), 679–684",
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      },
      {
       "authors": "Puterman, M. L.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "Markov Decision Processes: Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming",
       "venue": "Wiley",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316887",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kaelbling, L. P., Littman, M. L., & Cassandra, A. R.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "Planning and Acting in Partially Observable Stochastic Domains",
       "venue": "Artificial Intelligence, 101(1–2), 99–134",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00023-X",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Sondik, E. J.",
       "year": "1978",
       "title": "The Optimal Control of Partially Observable Markov Processes over the Infinite Horizon: Discounted Costs",
       "venue": "Operations Research, 26(2), 282–304",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.26.2.282",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Sutton, R. S., & Barto, A. G.",
       "year": "2018",
       "title": "Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (2nd ed.)",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": "http://incompleteideas.net/book/the-book-2nd.html",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Forecasting, Calibration, and Proper Scoring Rules",
     "summary": "Methods for eliciting and scoring probabilistic predictions so forecasters are rewarded for honest, calibrated forecasts.",
     "originators": [
      "Glenn Brier",
      "Tilmann Gneiting",
      "Adrian Raftery",
      "Philip Tetlock"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1950-2015",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Brier, G. W.",
       "year": "1950",
       "title": "Verification of Forecasts Expressed in Terms of Probability",
       "venue": "Monthly Weather Review, 78(1), 1–3",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1950)078%3C0001:VOFEIT%3E2.0.CO;2",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gneiting, T., & Raftery, A. E.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation",
       "venue": "Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(477), 359–378",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001437",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Tetlock, P. E.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know?",
       "venue": "Princeton University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Tetlock, P. E., & Gardner, D.",
       "year": "2015",
       "title": "Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction",
       "venue": "Crown",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
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      },
      {
       "authors": "Wolfers, J., & Zitzewitz, E.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Prediction Markets",
       "venue": "Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(2), 107–126",
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       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Murphy, A. H.",
       "year": "1973",
       "title": "A New Vector Partition of the Probability Score",
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       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Agency Costs of Monitoring and Verification",
     "summary": "Organizational economics treating monitoring, bonding and verification as costly activities whose optimal level minimizes total agency cost.",
     "originators": [
      "Michael Jensen",
      "William Meckling",
      "Bengt Holmström",
      "Ronald Dye"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1976-1993",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H.",
       "year": "1976",
       "title": "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure",
       "venue": "Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Holmström, B.",
       "year": "1979",
       "title": "Moral Hazard and Observability",
       "venue": "Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 74–91",
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       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J.",
       "year": "1992",
       "title": "Economics, Organization and Management",
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       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
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      },
      {
       "authors": "Dye, R. A.",
       "year": "1993",
       "title": "Auditing Standards, Legal Liability, and Auditor Wealth",
       "venue": "Journal of Political Economy, 101(5), 887–914",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1086/261908",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Attention Economics and Rational Inattention",
     "summary": "Treats attention as a scarce, costed resource, from Simon's organizational design view to Sims's channel-capacity model of rational inattention.",
     "originators": [
      "Herbert Simon",
      "Thomas Davenport",
      "John Beck",
      "Christopher Sims"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1971-2003",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Simon, H. A.",
       "year": "1971",
       "title": "Designing Organizations for an Information-Rich World",
       "venue": "In M. Greenberger (Ed.), Computers, Communications, and the Public Interest (pp. 37–72). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press",
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       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Davenport, T. H., & Beck, J. C.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business",
       "venue": "Harvard Business School Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Sims, C. A.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "Implications of Rational Inattention",
       "venue": "Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(3), 665–690",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(03)00029-1",
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       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Maćkowiak, B., & Wiederholt, M.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Optimal Sticky Prices under Rational Inattention",
       "venue": "American Economic Review, 99(3), 769–803",
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       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 16,
   "id": "autonomic-and-self-adaptive-systems",
   "title": "Autonomic and self-adaptive systems",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "Self-observation, desired versus observed state, and triggers for reconsideration.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "MAPE-K Autonomic Computing",
     "summary": "A reference architecture for self-managing systems built around a Monitor-Analyze-Plan-Execute loop over shared Knowledge, with a taxonomy of self-* properties.",
     "originators": [
      "Jeffrey O. Kephart",
      "David M. Chess",
      "IBM"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2001–2003",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kephart, J. O., & Chess, D. M.",
       "year": "2003",
       "title": "The Vision of Autonomic Computing",
       "venue": "IEEE Computer, 36(1), 41–50",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2003.1160055",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "IBM Corporation",
       "year": "2003–2006",
       "title": "An Architectural Blueprint for Autonomic Computing",
       "venue": "IBM (whitepaper, multiple editions)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Salehie, M., & Tahvildari, L.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Self-Adaptive Software: Landscape and Research Challenges",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems, 4(2), Article 14",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/1516533.1516538",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "IBM Corporation",
       "year": null,
       "title": "IBM Autonomic Computing initiative overview materials",
       "venue": "IBM; archived copies at web.archive.org (ibm.com/autonomic)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false,
       "description": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Rainbow and Models@run.time",
     "summary": "Two research strands on architecture-based self-adaptation: a reusable adaptation infrastructure working over an architectural model, and live causally connected models of a running system.",
     "originators": [
      "David Garlan",
      "Shang-Wen Cheng",
      "An-Cheng Huang",
      "Bradley Schmerl",
      "Peter Steenkiste",
      "Gordon Blair",
      "Nelly Bencomo",
      "Robert B. France"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2004–2020",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Garlan, D., Cheng, S.-W., Huang, A.-C., Schmerl, B., & Steenkiste, P.",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "Rainbow: Architecture-Based Self-Adaptation with Reusable Infrastructure",
       "venue": "IEEE Computer, 37(10), 46–54",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2004.175",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Blair, G., Bencomo, N., & France, R. B.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Models@run.time",
       "venue": "IEEE Computer, 42(10), 22–27",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2009.326",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Cheng, B. H. C., et al.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Research Roadmap",
       "venue": "Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems (LNCS 5525), Springer",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02161-9_1",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "de Lemos, R., et al.",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Second Research Roadmap",
       "venue": "Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II (LNCS 7475), Springer",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35813-5_1",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Weyns, D.",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "An Introduction to Self-Adaptive Systems: A Contemporary Software Engineering Perspective",
       "venue": "Wiley-IEEE Press",
       "url": "https://introsas.cs.kuleuven.be/2020ExcerptBook.pdf",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Desired-State Reconciliation",
     "summary": "An operations pattern that compares a declared target state with observed state and repeatedly converges the system toward it, using idempotent actions.",
     "originators": [
      "Mark Burgess",
      "Brendan Burns",
      "Brian Grant",
      "David Oppenheimer",
      "Eric Brewer",
      "John Wilkes",
      "HashiCorp",
      "Alexis Richardson"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1993–2017",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Burns, B., Grant, B., Oppenheimer, D., Brewer, E., & Wilkes, J.",
       "year": "2016",
       "title": "Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes",
       "venue": "Communications of the ACM, 59(5), 50–57",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/2890784",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Burgess, M.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "A Site Configuration Engine",
       "venue": "USENIX Computing Systems, 8(3)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Burgess, M.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "Computer Immunology",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Conference on System Administration (LISA '98)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Burgess, M.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Promise Theory: Principles and Applications",
       "venue": "ongoing book/monograph",
       "url": "http://markburgess.org",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Richardson, A.",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "GitOps — Operations by Pull Request",
       "venue": "Weaveworks Blog",
       "url": "https://www.weave.works/blog/gitops-operations-by-pull-request",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "HashiCorp",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Terraform documentation: plan and apply workflow",
       "venue": "HashiCorp",
       "url": "https://developer.hashicorp.com/terraform",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kubernetes project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Kubernetes documentation: Controllers",
       "venue": "Kubernetes",
       "url": "https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/controller/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Intent-Based Systems",
     "summary": "The IETF/IRTF definition of intent-based networking, separating declarative outcome-oriented intent from policy and requiring continuous assurance and closed-loop remediation.",
     "originators": [
      "A. Clemm",
      "L. Ciavaglia",
      "L. Z. Granville",
      "J. Tantsura",
      "IETF Network Management Research Group"
     ],
     "steward": "IETF/IRTF Network Management Research Group (NMRG)",
     "era": "2022",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Clemm, A., Ciavaglia, L., Granville, L. Z., & Tantsura, J.",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "RFC 9315: Intent-Based Networking – Concepts and Definitions",
       "venue": "IETF/IRTF",
       "url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9315.html",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "IETF Network Management Research Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "NMRG charter and related intent-based-networking drafts",
       "venue": "IETF",
       "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/rg/nmrg/about/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Open Networking Foundation",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Work on intent-based networking",
       "venue": "Open Networking Foundation",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": true,
       "description": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Levels of Automation and Mixed-Initiative Interaction",
     "summary": "Human-factors work that grades how control is shared between people and automation, per processing stage, and how initiative can shift dynamically.",
     "originators": [
      "Thomas B. Sheridan",
      "William L. Verplank",
      "Raja Parasuraman",
      "Christopher D. Wickens",
      "Eric Horvitz"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1978–2000",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Sheridan, T. B., & Verplank, W. L.",
       "year": "1978",
       "title": "Human and Computer Control of Undersea Teleoperators",
       "venue": "MIT Man-Machine Systems Laboratory, Cambridge, MA",
       "url": "https://www.academia.edu/45510118/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T. B., & Wickens, C. D.",
       "year": "2000",
       "title": "A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics — Part A, 30(3), 286–297",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/3468.844354",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Horvitz, E.",
       "year": "1999",
       "title": "Principles of Mixed-Initiative User Interfaces",
       "venue": "Proceedings of CHI '99, ACM, 159–166",
       "url": "https://erichorvitz.com/chi99horvitz.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Systems Safety: STAMP, HRO, and Resilience Engineering",
     "summary": "Safety-science traditions that treat failure as a designed-for condition of complex systems, covering normal accidents, latent failures, control-theoretic hazard analysis, high-reliability practice and resilience.",
     "originators": [
      "Charles Perrow",
      "James Reason",
      "Nancy Leveson",
      "Karl Weick",
      "Kathleen Sutcliffe",
      "Erik Hollnagel",
      "David D. Woods"
     ],
     "steward": "MIT Partnership for Systems Approaches to Safety and Security (for STPA)",
     "era": "1984–2011",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Perrow, C.",
       "year": "1984",
       "title": "Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies",
       "venue": "Basic Books (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1999)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Reason, J.",
       "year": "1990",
       "title": "The Contribution of Latent Human Failures to the Breakdown of Complex Systems",
       "venue": "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 327(1241), 475–484",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1990.0090",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Reason, J.",
       "year": "1997",
       "title": "Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents",
       "venue": "Ashgate",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Leveson, N. G.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety",
       "venue": "MIT Press",
       "url": "https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/2908/Engineering-a-Safer-WorldSystems-Thinking-Applied",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "Managing the Unexpected: Resilient Performance in an Age of Uncertainty",
       "venue": "Jossey-Bass (2nd ed. 2007)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D., & Leveson, N. (Eds.)",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts",
       "venue": "Ashgate",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Viable System Model and Management Cybernetics",
     "summary": "The cybernetic control theory behind the Viable System Model: requisite variety, the good regulator theorem, audit and algedonic channels.",
     "originators": [
      "Stafford Beer",
      "W. Ross Ashby",
      "Roger C. Conant"
     ],
     "steward": "Metaphorum network",
     "era": "1956–1979",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Ashby, W. R.",
       "year": "1956",
       "title": "An Introduction to Cybernetics",
       "venue": "Chapman & Hall",
       "url": "http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/books/IntroCyb.pdf",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Conant, R. C., & Ashby, W. R.",
       "year": "1970",
       "title": "Every Good Regulator of a System Must Be a Model of That System",
       "venue": "International Journal of Systems Science, 1(2), 89–97",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00207727008920220",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beer, S.",
       "year": "1972",
       "title": "Brain of the Firm",
       "venue": "Allen Lane (2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1981)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beer, S.",
       "year": "1979",
       "title": "The Heart of Enterprise",
       "venue": "John Wiley & Sons",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Beer, S.",
       "year": "1959",
       "title": "Cybernetics and Management",
       "venue": "English Universities Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Metaphorum network",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Viable System Model overview",
       "venue": "Metaphorum",
       "url": "https://metaphorum.org/staffords-work/viable-system-model",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 17,
   "id": "distributed-systems-identity-and-authorization",
   "title": "Distributed systems, identity and authorization",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "Time and order across providers, identity for non-human participants, authorization derived from authority.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Time, Order, and the Limits of Consensus",
     "summary": "A lattice of foundational results on event ordering and agreement without a shared clock: happened-before, vector clocks, FLP, CAP, Paxos/Raft and hybrid logical clocks.",
     "originators": [
      "Leslie Lamport",
      "Colin Fidge",
      "Friedemann Mattern",
      "Michael J. Fischer",
      "Nancy Lynch",
      "Michael Paterson",
      "Eric Brewer",
      "Seth Gilbert",
      "Diego Ongaro",
      "John Ousterhout",
      "Sandeep Kulkarni"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1978–2014",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Lamport, L.",
       "year": "1978",
       "title": "Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System",
       "venue": "Communications of the ACM, 21(7), 558–565",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/359545.359563",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Fidge, C.J.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "Timestamps in Message-Passing Systems That Preserve the Partial Ordering",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 11th Australian Computer Science Conference, 56–66",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Mattern, F.",
       "year": "1989",
       "title": "Virtual Time and Global States of Distributed Systems",
       "venue": "Parallel and Distributed Algorithms, 215–226",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Fischer, M.J., Lynch, N.A., Paterson, M.S.",
       "year": "1985",
       "title": "Impossibility of Distributed Consensus with One Faulty Process",
       "venue": "Journal of the ACM, 32(2), 374–382",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3149.214121",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Gilbert, S., Lynch, N.",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "Brewer's Conjecture and the Feasibility of Consistent, Available, Partition-Tolerant Web Services",
       "venue": "ACM SIGACT News, 33(2), 51–59",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/564585.564601",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Lamport, L.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "The Part-Time Parliament",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 16(2), 133–169",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/279227.279229",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ongaro, D., Ousterhout, J.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "In Search of an Understandable Consensus Algorithm",
       "venue": "2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, 305–319",
       "url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc14/atc14-paper-ongaro.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kulkarni, S.S., Demirbas, M., Madappa, D., Avva, B., Leone, M.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "Logical Physical Clocks and Consistent Snapshots in Globally Distributed Databases",
       "venue": "OPODIS 2014",
       "url": "https://cse.buffalo.edu/tech-reports/2014-04.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Beyond Distributed Transactions",
     "summary": "Practitioner discipline for cross-boundary consistency without atomic transactions: entities, idempotent at-least-once messaging, tentative/confirm/cancel and activities.",
     "originators": [
      "Pat Helland",
      "Martin Kleppmann"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2005–2017",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Helland, P.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "Life beyond Distributed Transactions: an Apostate's Opinion",
       "venue": "3rd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR); reprinted ACM Queue, 14(5), 2016",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3012426.3025012",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Helland, P.",
       "year": "2005",
       "title": "Data on the Outside versus Data on the Inside",
       "venue": "2nd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kleppmann, M.",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "Designing Data-Intensive Applications",
       "venue": "O'Reilly Media",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Garcia-Molina, H., Salem, K.",
       "year": "1987",
       "title": "Sagas",
       "venue": "ACM SIGMOD Record, 16(3), 249–259",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/38713.38742",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "CRDTs and Eventual Consistency",
     "summary": "Replicated data types whose independent, coordination-free updates are proven to converge, with extensions to JSON-like documents.",
     "originators": [
      "Marc Shapiro",
      "Nuno Preguiça",
      "Carlos Baquero",
      "Marek Zawirski",
      "Martin Kleppmann",
      "Alastair R. Beresford"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2011–present",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Shapiro, M., Preguiça, N., Baquero, C., Zawirski, M.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Conflict-free Replicated Data Types",
       "venue": "13th International Symposium on Stabilization, Safety, and Security of Distributed Systems (SSS 2011), LNCS 6976, Springer, 386–400",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24550-3_29",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Shapiro, M., Preguiça, N., Baquero, C., Zawirski, M.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "A Comprehensive Study of Convergent and Commutative Replicated Data Types",
       "venue": "INRIA Research Report RR-7506",
       "url": "https://inria.hal.science/inria-00555588",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kleppmann, M., Beresford, A.R.",
       "year": "2017",
       "title": "A Conflict-Free Replicated JSON Datatype",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 28(10), 2733–2746",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2017.2697382",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kleppmann, M. et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Automerge project",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://automerge.org/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Object Capabilities and Token-Based Authorization",
     "summary": "Authority carried by unforgeable, attenuable, delegable references or tokens instead of identity checks, from classic capabilities to Macaroons, UCAN and ZCAP-LD.",
     "originators": [
      "Jack Dennis",
      "Earl Van Horn",
      "Mark S. Miller",
      "Arnar Birgisson",
      "Fission/DAG House community",
      "Digital Bazaar"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1966–2014",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Dennis, J.B., Van Horn, E.C.",
       "year": "1966",
       "title": "Programming Semantics for Multiprogrammed Computations",
       "venue": "Communications of the ACM, 9(3), 143–155",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/365230.365252",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Miller, M.S.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Robust Composition: Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control",
       "venue": "PhD dissertation, Johns Hopkins University",
       "url": "http://www.erights.org/talks/thesis/",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Birgisson, A., Politz, J.G., Erlingsson, Ú., Taly, A., Vrable, M., Lentczner, M.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "Macaroons: Cookies with Contextual Caveats for Decentralized Authorization in the Cloud",
       "venue": "Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS) 2014",
       "url": "https://research.google/pubs/macaroons-cookies-with-contextual-caveats-for-decentralized-authorization-in-the-cloud/",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "UCAN Working Group",
       "year": null,
       "title": "UCAN Specification",
       "venue": "community specification",
       "url": "https://github.com/ucan-wg/spec",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Digital Bazaar et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Authorization Capabilities for Linked Data (ZCAP-LD)",
       "venue": "W3C Community Group Draft Report",
       "url": "https://w3c-ccg.github.io/zcap-spec/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "RBAC, ABAC, and Policy Languages",
     "summary": "The main access-control models and the languages that express them, from role-based and attribute-based control to XACML, ODRL, Cedar and Rego.",
     "originators": [
      "Ravi Sandhu",
      "NIST",
      "Vincent Hu",
      "OASIS",
      "W3C",
      "Amazon Web Services (Cedar authors)",
      "Torin Sandall"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1996–2024",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Sandhu, R.S., Coyne, E.J., Feinstein, H.L., Youman, C.E.",
       "year": "1996",
       "title": "Role-Based Access Control Models",
       "venue": "IEEE Computer, 29(2), 38–47",
       "url": "https://csrc.nist.gov/csrc/media/projects/role-based-access-control/documents/sandhu96.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Ferraiolo, Sandhu, Gavrila, Kuhn, Chandramouli",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "Proposed NIST Standard for Role-Based Access Control",
       "venue": "ACM TISSEC",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "ANSI/INCITS",
       "year": "2004",
       "title": "ANSI INCITS 359-2004, Role Based Access Control",
       "venue": "ANSI/INCITS",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hu, V.C., Ferraiolo, D., Kuhn, R., et al.",
       "year": "2014",
       "title": "Guide to Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) Definition and Considerations, NIST Special Publication 800-162",
       "venue": "NIST",
       "url": "https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/specialpublications/nist.sp.800-162.pdf",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OASIS",
       "year": "2013",
       "title": "eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) Version 3.0",
       "venue": "OASIS Standard",
       "url": "https://docs.oasis-open.org/xacml/3.0/xacml-3.0-core-spec-os-en.html",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "W3C",
       "year": "2018",
       "title": "ODRL Information Model 2.2",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/odrl-model/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "W3C",
       "year": "2018",
       "title": "ODRL Vocabulary & Expression 2.2",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Disselkoen, C., Eline, A., He, S., Hietala, K., Kastner, J., Mamat, A., McCutchen, M., Rungta, N., Torlak, E., Wells, A., et al.",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "Cedar: A New Language for Expressive, Fast, Safe, and Analyzable Authorization",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, 8(OOPSLA1)",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.04651",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Sandall, T. et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Rego Policy Language / Open Policy Agent",
       "venue": "CNCF project",
       "url": "https://www.openpolicyagent.org/docs/latest/policy-language/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Relationship-Based Authorization and Zanzibar",
     "summary": "Authorization expressed as a graph of relationship tuples with userset rewrites, from Fong's ReBAC model to Google's Zanzibar and its open-source descendants.",
     "originators": [
      "Philip W.L. Fong",
      "Ruoming Pang",
      "Google",
      "OpenFGA (Auth0/Okta)",
      "AuthZed (SpiceDB)"
     ],
     "steward": "CNCF (OpenFGA, sandbox); AuthZed (SpiceDB)",
     "era": "2011–2019",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Fong, P.W.L.",
       "year": "2011",
       "title": "Relationship-Based Access Control: Protection Model and Policy Language",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy (CODASPY 2011), 191–202",
       "url": "https://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~pwlfong/Pub/codaspy2011.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Pang, R., Caceres, R., Burrows, M., Chen, Z., Dave, P., Germer, N., Golynski, A., Graney, K., Kang, N., Kissner, L., Korn, J.L., Parmar, A., Richards, C.D., Wang, M.",
       "year": "2019",
       "title": "Zanzibar: Google's Consistent, Global Authorization System",
       "venue": "2019 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 19), 33–46",
       "url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/atc19-pang.pdf",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OpenFGA project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "OpenFGA",
       "venue": "CNCF sandbox",
       "url": "https://openfga.dev/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "AuthZed",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SpiceDB",
       "venue": "AuthZed",
       "url": "https://authzed.com/spicedb",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Workload Identity: SPIFFE, SPIRE, and Non-Human Credentials",
     "summary": "Standards for cryptographically identifying software workloads and for portable signed claims about any subject, covering SPIFFE/SPIRE, Verifiable Credentials and DIDs.",
     "originators": [
      "Scytale and related engineers (details unverified)",
      "CNCF",
      "W3C"
     ],
     "steward": "CNCF (SPIFFE/SPIRE); W3C (Verifiable Credentials, DIDs)",
     "era": "2016–2025",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "SPIFFE project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SPIFFE Specification",
       "venue": "CNCF",
       "url": "https://github.com/spiffe/spiffe",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "SPIRE project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "SPIRE documentation",
       "venue": "CNCF",
       "url": "https://spiffe.io/docs/latest/spire-about/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "W3C",
       "year": "2019",
       "title": "Verifiable Credentials Data Model 1.0",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/2019/REC-vc-data-model-20191119/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "W3C",
       "year": "2025",
       "title": "Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model-2.0/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "W3C",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0",
       "venue": "W3C Recommendation",
       "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Interface Contracts and Versioning",
     "summary": "Practitioner conventions for changing an interface without breaking dependents: semantic versioning, consumer-driven contracts, schema compatibility rules, robustness-principle critiques, deprecation and MCP.",
     "originators": [
      "Tom Preston-Werner",
      "Ian Robinson",
      "REA Group",
      "Google",
      "Linux Foundation",
      "Jon Postel",
      "Hyrum Wright",
      "Anthropic"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1980–2024",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Preston-Werner, T. et al.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Semantic Versioning 2.0.0",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://semver.org/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Robinson, I.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Consumer-Driven Contracts: A Service Evolution Pattern",
       "venue": "ThoughtWorks / martinfowler.com",
       "url": "https://martinfowler.com/articles/consumerDrivenContracts.html",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Pact project",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Pact documentation",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://docs.pact.io/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Google",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Protocol Buffers Language Guide — Updating a Message Type",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/proto3/#updating",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OpenAPI Initiative (Linux Foundation)",
       "year": null,
       "title": "OpenAPI Specification v3.1",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://spec.openapis.org/oas/v3.1.0",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "AsyncAPI Initiative",
       "year": null,
       "title": "AsyncAPI Specification",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.asyncapi.com/docs/reference/specification/latest",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Postel, J.",
       "year": "1980",
       "title": "DoD Standard Transmission Control Protocol (RFC 761)",
       "venue": "IETF",
       "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc761",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Wright, H.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Hyrum's Law",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.hyrumslaw.com/",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Winters, Manshreck, Wright",
       "year": "2020",
       "title": "Software Engineering at Google",
       "venue": "O'Reilly",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Anthropic",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "Introducing the Model Context Protocol",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/model-context-protocol",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Anthropic",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Model Context Protocol specification",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 18,
   "id": "ai-agents-and-llm-systems",
   "title": "AI agents and LLM systems",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "What an autonomous participant is, how its outputs are treated, and how its authority is limited.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) Architecture",
     "summary": "A cognitive architecture for rational agents built on beliefs, desires and committed intentions, with commitment strategies, plan libraries and executable languages such as AgentSpeak(L).",
     "originators": [
      "Michael E. Bratman",
      "Anand S. Rao",
      "Michael P. Georgeff",
      "Rafael H. Bordini",
      "Jomi F. Hübner",
      "Michael Wooldridge"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1987–1996",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Bratman, M.E.",
       "year": "1987",
       "title": "Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason",
       "venue": "Harvard University Press (reissued CSLI Publications, 1999)",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Rao, A.S., & Georgeff, M.P.",
       "year": "1991",
       "title": "Modeling Rational Agents within a BDI-Architecture",
       "venue": "Proceedings of KR'91, 473–484",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Rao, A.S., & Georgeff, M.P.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "BDI Agents: From Theory to Practice",
       "venue": "Proceedings of ICMAS-95, San Francisco",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Georgeff, M.P., & Lansky, A.L.",
       "year": "1987",
       "title": "Reactive Reasoning and Planning",
       "venue": "Proceedings of AAAI-87, 677–682",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Rao, A.S.",
       "year": "1996",
       "title": "AgentSpeak(L): BDI Agents Speak Out in a Logical Computable Language",
       "venue": "Agents Breaking Away (MAAMAW'96), Springer LNAI 1038, 42–55",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0031845",
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bordini, R.H., Hübner, J.F., & Wooldridge, M.",
       "year": "2007",
       "title": "Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jason",
       "venue": "Wiley",
       "url": "https://jason.sourceforge.net/",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Agent Communication Languages (KQML, FIPA ACL, and the Social-Semantics Critique)",
     "summary": "Standardized agent message languages built on speech acts, and Singh's critique replacing unverifiable mental-state semantics with public social commitments.",
     "originators": [
      "Tim Finin",
      "DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort",
      "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA)",
      "Munindar P. Singh"
     ],
     "steward": "IEEE FIPA (IEEE Computer Society standards committee)",
     "era": "1994–2002",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Finin, T., Fritzson, R., McKay, D., & McEntire, R.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "KQML as an Agent Communication Language",
       "venue": "Proceedings of CIKM'94, 456–463",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/191246.191322",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "FIPA ACL Message Structure Specification (SC00061G)",
       "venue": "FIPA",
       "url": "https://www.fipa.org/specs/fipa00061/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents",
       "year": "2002",
       "title": "FIPA Communicative Act Library Specification (SC00037J)",
       "venue": "FIPA",
       "url": "https://www.fipa.org/specs/fipa00037/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Singh, M.P.",
       "year": "1998",
       "title": "Agent Communication Languages: Rethinking the Principles",
       "venue": "IEEE Computer, 31(12), 40–47",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/2.735849",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Searle, J.R.",
       "year": "1969",
       "title": "Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "LLM Multi-Agent Frameworks",
     "summary": "Frameworks and papers that orchestrate several role-prompted LLM instances through conversation, structured handoffs or graphs.",
     "originators": [
      "Qingyun Wu (AutoGen, Microsoft Research)",
      "Guohao Li (CAMEL)",
      "Sirui Hong (MetaGPT)",
      "Chen Qian (ChatDev)",
      "Joon Sung Park (generative agents)",
      "CrewAI Inc.",
      "LangChain Inc."
     ],
     "steward": "Microsoft Research (AutoGen); CrewAI Inc.; LangChain Inc.",
     "era": "2023–2024",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Wu, Q., Bansal, G., Zhang, J., Wu, Y., Li, B., Zhu, E., Jiang, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Liu, J., Awadallah, A.H., White, R.W., Burger, D., & Wang, C.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversation Framework",
       "venue": "arXiv:2308.08155",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08155",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Li, G., Hammoud, H.A.A.K., Itani, H., Khizbullin, D., & Ghanem, B.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "CAMEL: Communicative Agents for \"Mind\" Exploration of Large Language Model Society",
       "venue": "NeurIPS 2023; arXiv:2303.17760",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17760",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hong, S., Zhuge, M., Chen, J., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Yau, S.K.S., Lin, Z., Zhou, L., Ran, C., Xiao, L., Wu, C., & Schmidhuber, J.",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "MetaGPT: Meta Programming for A Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework",
       "venue": "ICLR 2024; arXiv:2308.00352",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.00352",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Qian, C., Liu, W., Liu, H., Chen, N., Dang, Y., Li, J., Yang, C., Chen, W., Su, Y., Cong, X., Xu, J., Li, D., Liu, Z., & Sun, M.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "ChatDev: Communicative Agents for Software Development",
       "venue": "arXiv:2307.07924",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.07924",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Park, J.S., O'Brien, J., Cai, C.J., Morris, M.R., Liang, P., & Bernstein, M.S.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior",
       "venue": "ACM UIST 2023; arXiv:2304.03442",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3586183.3606763",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "CrewAI",
       "year": null,
       "title": "CrewAI (open source project)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://github.com/crewAIInc/crewAI",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "LangChain",
       "year": null,
       "title": "LangGraph",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Tool Use and Capability Protocols",
     "summary": "Techniques and protocols for letting LLM agents call tools and for describing capabilities: ReAct, Toolformer, function calling, MCP, OpenAPI and agent-to-agent protocols.",
     "originators": [
      "Timo Schick (Toolformer, Meta AI)",
      "Shunyu Yao (ReAct)",
      "OpenAI (function calling)",
      "Anthropic (Model Context Protocol)",
      "OpenAPI Initiative",
      "Google (A2A)"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2022–2025",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Schick, T., Dwivedi-Yu, J., Dessì, R., Raileanu, R., Lomeli, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Cancedda, N., & Scialom, T.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools",
       "venue": "arXiv:2302.04761",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Yao, S., Zhao, J., Yu, D., Du, N., Shafran, I., Narasimhan, K., & Cao, Y.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models",
       "venue": "ICLR 2023; arXiv:2210.03629",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Anthropic",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "Introducing the Model Context Protocol",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/model-context-protocol",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Model Context Protocol",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Model Context Protocol specification",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://modelcontextprotocol.io/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OpenAPI Initiative",
       "year": null,
       "title": "OpenAPI Specification",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://www.openapis.org/",
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Google",
       "year": "2025",
       "title": "Agent2Agent (A2A) Protocol",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "specification",
       "unverified": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Agent Evaluation and Reliability",
     "summary": "Methodological work on judging agents: cost-aware reporting, realistic benchmarks, and calibration of model self-assessed confidence.",
     "originators": [
      "Sayash Kapoor",
      "Arvind Narayanan",
      "Saurav Kadavath",
      "Carlos E. Jimenez",
      "Shuyan Zhou",
      "Grégoire Mialon"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2022–2024",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Kapoor, S., Stroebl, B., Siegel, Z.S., Nadgir, N., & Narayanan, A.",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "AI Agents That Matter",
       "venue": "arXiv:2407.01502",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.01502",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Kadavath, S., Conerly, T., Askell, A., Henighan, T., Drain, D., Perez, E., Schiefer, N., Hatfield-Dodds, Z., et al.",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know",
       "venue": "arXiv:2207.05221",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.05221",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Jimenez, C.E., Yang, J., Wettig, A., Yao, S., Pei, K., Press, O., & Narasimhan, K.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?",
       "venue": "ICLR 2024; arXiv:2310.06770",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Zhou, S., Xu, F.F., Zhu, H., Zhou, X., Lo, R., Sridhar, A., Cheng, X., Ou, T., Bisk, Y., Fried, D., Alon, U., & Neubig, G.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents",
       "venue": "arXiv:2307.13854",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13854",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Mialon, G., Fourrier, C., Swift, C., Wolf, T., LeCun, Y., & Scialom, T.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "GAIA: A Benchmark for General AI Assistants",
       "venue": "arXiv:2311.12983",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12983",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Human-AI Teaming and Oversight",
     "summary": "Design guidance, empirical findings and binding regulation on how people and AI share work and how human oversight must operate.",
     "originators": [
      "Saleema Amershi",
      "Gagan Bansal",
      "Eric Horvitz",
      "Daniel S. Weld",
      "European Union"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "2019–2024",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Amershi, S., Weld, D., Vorvoreanu, M., Fourney, A., Nushi, B., Collisson, P., Suh, J., Iqbal, S., Bennett, P.N., Inkpen, K., Teevan, J., Kikin-Gil, R., & Horvitz, E.",
       "year": "2019",
       "title": "Guidelines for Human-AI Interaction",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300233",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Bansal, G., Wu, T., Zhou, J., Fok, R., Nushi, B., Kamar, E., Ribeiro, M.T., & Weld, D.",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "Does the Whole Exceed its Parts? The Effect of AI Explanations on Complementary Team Performance",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445717",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "European Union",
       "year": "2024",
       "title": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Article 14: Human Oversight",
       "venue": "European Union",
       "url": "https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/14/",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Agent Safety and Authority Limits",
     "summary": "Approaches and attack patterns concerning what an AI agent may do: constitution-based training, least privilege, the confused deputy and indirect prompt injection.",
     "originators": [
      "Yuntao Bai (Constitutional AI, Anthropic)",
      "Jerome Saltzer",
      "Michael Schroeder",
      "Norm Hardy",
      "Kai Greshake"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1975–2023",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Bai, Y., Kadavath, S., Kundu, S., Askell, A., Kernion, J., Jones, A., Chen, A., Goldie, A., et al.",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback",
       "venue": "arXiv:2212.08073",
       "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Greshake, K., Abdelnabi, S., Mishra, S., Endres, C., Holz, T., & Fritz, M.",
       "year": "2023",
       "title": "Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the 16th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security (AISec'23); arXiv:2302.12173",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3605764.3623985",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Hardy, N.",
       "year": "1988",
       "title": "The Confused Deputy: (or why capabilities might have been invented)",
       "venue": "ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 22(4), 36–38",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/54289.871709",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Saltzer, J.H., & Schroeder, M.D.",
       "year": "1975",
       "title": "The Protection of Information in Computer Systems",
       "venue": "Proceedings of the IEEE, 63(9), 1278–1308",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1975.9939",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "number": 19,
   "id": "institutional-grammar-and-computable-norms",
   "title": "Institutional grammar and computable norms",
   "layer": "What makes a specification runnable",
   "summary": "Machine-readable norms with source, priority, validity, defeasibility and level.",
   "frameworks": [
    {
     "name": "Institutional Grammar (ADICO / IG 2.0)",
     "summary": "A slot grammar for coding rules from text into attributes, deontic, aim, conditions and or-else, with IG 2.0 adding objects, nesting and a constitutive/regulative split.",
     "originators": [
      "Sue E. S. Crawford",
      "Elinor Ostrom",
      "Christopher K. Frantz",
      "Saba N. Siddiki"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1995–2022",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Crawford, S. E. S., & Ostrom, E.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "A Grammar of Institutions",
       "venue": "American Political Science Review, 89(3), 582–600",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2082975",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Frantz, C. K., & Siddiki, S. N.",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "Institutional Grammar 2.0: A Specification for Encoding and Analyzing Institutional Design",
       "venue": "Public Administration, 99(2), 222–247",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12719",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Frantz, C. K., & Siddiki, S. N. (Eds.)",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "Institutional Grammar: Foundations and Applications for Institutional Analysis",
       "venue": "Palgrave Macmillan",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90417-7",
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Siddiki, S.",
       "year": "2022",
       "title": "The Institutional Grammar in Policy Process Research",
       "venue": "Policy Studies Journal, 50(2)",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12466",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Frantz, C. K., & Siddiki, S. N.",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Institutional Grammar 2.0 Codebook (v1.4)",
       "venue": null,
       "url": "https://newinstitutionalgrammar.org/resources/IG%202.0%20Codebook%20v1.4.pdf",
       "kind": "report",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Constitutive Rules and \"Counts-As\"",
     "summary": "Searle's account of how brute facts become institutional facts via 'X counts as Y in C', and its modal-logic formalizations of institutionalized power.",
     "originators": [
      "John R. Searle",
      "Andrew J. I. Jones",
      "Marek Sergot",
      "Davide Grossi",
      "John-Jules Meyer",
      "Frank Dignum",
      "Guido Boella",
      "Leendert van der Torre"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1969–2010s",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Searle, J. R.",
       "year": "1969",
       "title": "Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language",
       "venue": "Cambridge University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Searle, J. R.",
       "year": "1995",
       "title": "The Construction of Social Reality",
       "venue": "Free Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Searle, J. R.",
       "year": "2010",
       "title": "Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization",
       "venue": "Oxford University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "book",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Jones, A. J. I., & Sergot, M.",
       "year": "1996",
       "title": "A Formal Characterisation of Institutionalised Power",
       "venue": "Logic Journal of the IGPL, 4(3), 427–443",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/4.3.427",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Grossi, D., Meyer, J.-J. Ch., & Dignum, F.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Classificatory Aspects of Counts-As: An Analysis in Modal Logic",
       "venue": "Journal of Logic and Computation",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true
      },
      {
       "authors": "Boella, G., & van der Torre, L.",
       "year": "2004–2006",
       "title": "Series on constitutive norms in normative multi-agent systems",
       "venue": null,
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": true,
       "description": true
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "LegalRuleML and Legal Knowledge Representation",
     "summary": "An OASIS XML standard for machine-readable legal norms preserving deontic force, defeasibility, temporal validity, authority and jurisdiction.",
     "originators": [
      "OASIS LegalRuleML Technical Committee",
      "Monica Palmirani",
      "Guido Governatori",
      "Tara Athan",
      "Harold Boley",
      "Adrian Paschke",
      "Adam Wyner"
     ],
     "steward": "OASIS LegalRuleML Technical Committee",
     "era": "2010–2021",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Palmirani, M., Governatori, G., Athan, T., Boley, H., Paschke, A., & Wyner, A. (Eds.)",
       "year": "2021",
       "title": "LegalRuleML Core Specification Version 1.0",
       "venue": "OASIS Standard, 30 August 2021",
       "url": "https://docs.oasis-open.org/legalruleml/legalruleml-core-spec/v1.0/os/legalruleml-core-spec-v1.0-os.html",
       "kind": "standard",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OASIS Open",
       "year": null,
       "title": "OASIS LegalRuleML Technical Committee homepage",
       "venue": "OASIS",
       "url": "https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=legalruleml",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "OASIS Open",
       "year": null,
       "title": "Akoma Ntoso / OASIS LegalDocML Technical Committee",
       "venue": "OASIS",
       "url": "https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=legaldocml",
       "kind": "web",
       "unverified": false
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "Defeasible Deontic Logic",
     "summary": "A tractable non-monotonic logic for overridable obligations, with strict, defeasible and defeater rules, superiority relations and contrary-to-duty reasoning.",
     "originators": [
      "Donald Nute",
      "Guido Governatori",
      "Antonino Rotolo",
      "Grigoris Antoniou"
     ],
     "steward": null,
     "era": "1994–2009",
     "works": [
      {
       "authors": "Nute, D.",
       "year": "1994",
       "title": "Defeasible Logic",
       "venue": "Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "chapter",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Antoniou, G., Billington, D., Governatori, G., & Maher, M. J.",
       "year": "2001",
       "title": "Representation Results for Defeasible Logic",
       "venue": "ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, 2(2), 255–287",
       "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/371316.371517",
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Governatori, G., & Rotolo, A.",
       "year": "2006",
       "title": "Logic of Violations: A Gentzen System for Reasoning with Contrary-To-Duty Obligations",
       "venue": "Australasian Journal of Logic, 4, 193–215",
       "url": null,
       "kind": "article",
       "unverified": false
      },
      {
       "authors": "Governatori, G., & Sadiq, S.",
       "year": "2009",
       "title": "The Journey to Business Process Compliance",
       "venue": "Handbook of Research on Business Process Modeling, IGI Global, 426–454",
       "url": null,
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     "name": "Executable Legislation (Sergot et al.) and Rules as Code",
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      "Fariba Sadri",
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       "title": "The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program",
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       "title": "Normative Multi-Agent Systems",
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     "name": "Smart Contracts and DAOs",
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       "authors": "Wang, S., Ding, W., Li, J., Yuan, Y., Ouyang, L., & Wang, F.-Y.",
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       "title": "Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: Concept, Model, and Applications",
       "venue": "IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",
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       "authors": "Lessig, L.",
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      {
       "authors": "Robertson, B. J.",
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       "title": "Holacracy: The New Management System for a Rapidly Changing World",
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       "url": null,
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}